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Biochem > Pathways And Control... > Flashcards

Pathways And Control... Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant

internal state in a changing environment.

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2
Q

Homeostasis ensures

A

cells can obtain and use energy

  • make new cells,
  • exchange materials
  • eliminate wastes in a changing environment
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3
Q

A series of automatic control systems ensure that the body maintains

A

constant temperature and steady levels of water, ions and metabolites.

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4
Q

metabolic pathways

A

Biochemical reactions in human cells are organized into specific sequences

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5
Q

Metabolic pathways are multistep sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions where the product of one reaction is used

A

as the substrate for the next enzyme reaction

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6
Q

Pathways that regenerate a metabolite are called

A

Cycles

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7
Q

Energy containing nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins)

Ca»ta»bo»lism»

A

Energy depleted end products
CO2
H2O
NH3

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8
Q 
Precursor molecules 
Amino acid 
Sugars 
Fatty acids 
Nitrogenous bases
AN>>ABOL>>ISM
A 
Cell macromolecules (more complex)
Proteins 
Polysaccharides 
Lipids 
Nucleic acid
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9
Q

Breakdown complex molecules to give simpler components eg glycolysis

A

Catabolic

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10
Q

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler materials

A

Anabolic

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11
Q

Intermediary pathway that serves both in catabolism and anabolism

A

Amphibolic

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12
Q

regulation by cell metabolites

A

Intrinsic regulation

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13
Q

regulation by external factors,

hormones etc.

A

Extrinsic regulation

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14
Q

Binding of hormone(1st messenger)to its receptor activates

A

G protein which activates adenylate cyclase

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15
Q

Activated Adenylate cyclase converts

A

ATP to cAMP

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16
Q

cAMP ( 2nd messenger) activate

A

Kinases

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17
Q

Activated kinases phosphorylate

A

Cellular proteins

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18
Q

Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that

A

Produce physiological responses

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19
Q

Molecules such as NAD+, NADH, ATP, ADP, AMP are

A

important allosteric effectors and intrinsic regulators of cellular metabolism

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20
Q

Cellular concentrations of ATP & ADP (AMP) reflect

A

the energy state of the cell

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21
Q

High [ATP] activates

A

Anabolic pathways

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22
Q

High [ATP] suppresses

A

Catabolic pathways

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23
Q

High [ADP] or [AMP] activates

A

Catabolic

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24
Q

High [ADP] or [AMP] inhibits

A

Anabolic pathways

25
Q

If NAD+ is high

A

The cell needs energy

26
Q

If NADH is high the cell

A

Doesn’t need energy

27
Q

△G

A

Change in free energy

28
Q

Free energy

A

energy available to do work

29
Q

△G will be zero when reaction reaches

A

Equilibrium

30
Q

△G predicts the

A

Direction of reaction

31
Q

Negative free energy

A

Spontaneous

32
Q

The rate of the reactions depend on the lowering of activation energies by the enzymes that catalyze the reactions.

A

G values cannot predict rates of reactions

33
Q

Compounds with “high energy bonds” have high phosphoryl-transfer potential measures energy in acompound Phosphate group can be transferred from ATP to another compound

A

High energy bonds

34
Q

Measure of tendency of compound to transfer ~P to H20

A

Phosphoryl group-transfer potential

35
Q

ATP can accept ~P from

A

high- energy compounds

36
Q

ATP can donate ~P to

A

Low energy compounds

37
Q

is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons or lose electrons, respectively.

A

Redox potential (oxidation/reduction potential)

38
Q

is generally associated with catabolic (oxidative) pathways

A

NAD+/NADH

39
Q

Serves as an electron donor mainly in anabolic pathways

A

NADP /NADPH

40
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Oxidative

41
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Reductive pathways

42
Q

It is a general rule of metabolic regulation that pathways are regulated at

A

The 1st committed step

43
Q

The first irreversible reaction unique to the pathway.

A

Committed step

44
Q

is the one after which the substrate has only one way to

go.

A

The committed step

45
Q

the slowest step in a pathway, which determines how fast the whole pathway can proceed.

A

The rate limiting step

46
Q

Irreversible reaction that, once occurs, Leads to the formation of a final substrate with no return

A

Committed step

47
Q

phenomenon where the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, oftentimes limiting the production of more product.

A

Feedback inhibition

48
Q

Feed back inhibition advantages

A
  • Fast
  • Prevents accumulation of toxic intermediates
  • Prevents waste of energy and substrates
49
Q

When a metabolite produced early in a pathway activates an enzyme that is further down the pathway

A

Feed-forward activation

50
Q

Metabolism is composed of

A

interconnecting reactions and pathways

51
Q

Thermodynamics (△G) determine the

A

Direction of the pathway

52
Q

the universal energy currency

A

ATP

53
Q

major source of cellular energy

A

Oxidation of carbon fuel

54
Q

Metabolic pathways are

A

Tightly regulated

55
Q

Synthetic and degradative pathways differ, they are distinct by

A

compartmentation or bypass reaction

56
Q

reactions that proceed with a large negative △G are

A

bypassed by using different enzymes

57
Q

Anabolic and catabolic pathways

A

are never simply the reverse of one another and do not run at the same time

58
Q

Running corresponding anabolic and catabolic pathways at the same time results in waste of ATP and is named

A

futile cycle

Biochem (8 decks)

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