RNA and Protein Synthesis ch.14 Flashcards
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RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains sugar ribose
messenger RNA
type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
ribosomal RNA
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
transfer RNA
type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
promoter
specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription
intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
The process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules is called
___________________________.
transcription
The sequence of ________________________ in mRNA complements the sequence in the
DNA template.
bases
In eukaryotes, RNA is formed in the _____________________ and then travels to the
______________________.
nucleus, cytoplasm
The enzyme _________ binds to DNA during transcription.
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase binds to regions of DNA called _______________________, which are
“start” signals for transcription.
promoters
_____________________ are portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded.
introns
_____________________ are spliced together to make the final mRNA.
exons
In RNA ____________________ replaces thymine.
uracil
The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence
substitution
A change in one or a few nucleotides that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence
point mutation
Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
translocation
A heritable change in genetic information
mutation
A mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome
duplication
A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome
inversion
A kind of mutation that can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation
frameshift mutation
The addition of a base to the DNA sequence
insertion
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that make proteins
genetic code
collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
codon
group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated onto a protein
translocation
process by which the sequence of bases of mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
mutation
change in the genetic material of a cell
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA have been changed
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message my inserting or deleting a nucleotide
mutagen
chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation
What is found in both DNA and RNA
four nitrogenous bases each
Which type of RNA brings information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?
mRNA
Which molecules are involved in protein synthesis?
messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?
DNA template
What is produced during transcription?
a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?
nine nucleotide bases
What happens during translation?
proteins are made using the information stored in the mRNA sequence
A protein is being assembled when
RNA is being translated
Genes contain open instructions for assembling
tell your cells to make molecules called proteins.
Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms
tell your cells to make molecules called proteins.
DNA and RNA are
nucleic acids
The ribosomes of the cell are sites for the synthesis of
protein synthesis
Which chemicals are basic building blocks of proteins
amino acids
The enzyme that initiates the first stage of transcription is
RNA polymerase
A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called
point mutations
In a cell, the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA occurs in the
nucleus
The DNA code for an amino acid consists of a sequence of
three nucleotides
