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Biology Final > Genetics ch.12 > Flashcards

Genetics ch.12 Flashcards

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1
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of hereditary

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2
Q

trait

A

specific characteristic of an individual

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3
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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4
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait

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5
Q

allele

A

different form of a gene

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6
Q

principle of dominance

A

Mendel’s second conclusion, which states some alleles are dominant and sone are recessive

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7
Q

segregation

A

separation of alleles during gamete formation

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8
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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9
Q

What are four reasons why pea plants are important to study?

A

they are self pollinating, have different easily recognizable traits, had male and female parts, and are easy plants to take care of

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10
Q

How did Mendel cross-pollinate flowers?

A

Mendel took pollen from one plant and put in onto another plant

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11
Q

probability

A

likelihood that a particular event will occur

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12
Q

homozygous

A

two identical alleles for a certain gene

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles for a certain gene

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14
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics of an organism

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15
Q

genotype

A

genetic of an organism

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16
Q

Punnett Square

A

diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross

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17
Q

independent assortment

A

one of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

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18
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

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19
Q

Codominance

A

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

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20
Q

multiple alleles

A

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

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21
Q

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

A

traits controlled by two or more genes

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22
Q

multifactorial

A

Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

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23
Q

Genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

24
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

25
Q

sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

26
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

27
Q

sex-linked gene

A

gene located on a sex chromosome

28
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

29
Q

Name 4 ways Mendel’s work is unique

A

he completed his work in a short amount of time, he developed three principles of inheritance, he created F1 and F2 generations and continued to study, and he discovered the formation of gametes.

30
Q

Name 4 ways the pea plant is important to the study of genetics

A

The pea plant is important to study in genetics because they have easily identifiable traits, they are easy to grow, they are self-pollinating, and produce offspring with similar traits.

31
Q

What is the difference between the Law of segregation and the Law of Independent assortment?

A

The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring. Whereas the law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of the inheritance of another pair.

32
Q

How did Mendel control the mating of pea plants?

A
  1. male parts removed
  2. pollen from other plants placed on female carpel
    3.seeds collected and planted to give F1 generation
33
Q

What is the difference between a gene and an allele? Give an example of each

A

A gene is a section of DNA that encodes to make a certain trait like how a mother has blond hair and so does the child whereas an allele is just a variant form of a gene an example of this is the color in flowers.

34
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

35
Q

dihydrid cross

A

crossing organisms differing in two characters

36
Q

Codominant cross

A

With codominance, a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype in which both of the parental traits appear together.

37
Q

X-linked crosses

A

crosses that involve traits on the X chromosome

38
Q

What is an example of a polygenic trait?

A

height, skin color, weight

39
Q

The different forms of a gene are called

A

allele

40
Q

Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to

A

control self pollination

41
Q

If an pea plant alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents

A

Both parents were heterozygous

42
Q

When you flip a coin, what is the probability of it being tails?

A

50%

43
Q

A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an offspring plant will be tall is

A

25%

44
Q

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be

A

homozygous

45
Q

What principle states that during gamete formation genes for two different traits will separate without influencing each other’s inheritance?

A

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

46
Q

Gregor Mendel’s principles apply to

A

traits in plants and animals

47
Q

A breed of chickens shows codominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chicken’s of this breed will be

A

speckled

48
Q

Variations in human skin color, weight, and height are examples of ______ and can result in a bell curve pattern of inheritance

A

polygenic traits

49
Q

What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome

A

50%

50
Q

A human female inherits

A

an X chromosome from their father, and the other X chromosome from their mother

51
Q

How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?

A

46 chromosomes

52
Q

If a couple had three children all girls what is the probability they will have a boy?

A

50%

53
Q

A female whos father was colorblind marries a normal male. What is the probability that their child will be colorblind?

A

50%

54
Q

A white flower crossed with a red flower producing a pink flower is an example of

A

incomplete dominance

55
Q

Which combination of sex chromosomes results in a male human being?

A

1 X and 1 Y chromsome

Biology Final (5 decks)

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