RM- SAQ and ERQ

Question 1

Characteristics of a true experiment

Answer 1

IV is manipulated by the researcher. DV is measured by the researcher.
Causality can be determined
Attempt to control extraneous variables, increasing internal validity
Participants are randomly allocated to conditions
The data is statistically analysed and a p-value is calculated

Question 2

Characteristics of a focus group

Answer 2

A focus group is a group interview that makes use of a purposive sample and usually consists of 8-12 participants
The researcher acts as the facilitator of the group, keeping the group focused on an interview agenda
The data is qualitative and must be interpreted through content analysis
Focus groups help to prompt responses from participants vis a vis the responses of other participants

Question 3

Characteristics of a case study

Answer 3

A case study is based on method triangulation with the goal of increasing the credibility of the study
Usually, case studies are longitudinal in nature
A case study may study an individual, group or organisation, based on a specific trait or behaviour
Data may be a combination of qualitative and quantitative data

Question 4

Characteristics of naturalistic observations

Answer 4

The researcher collects data in the participants natural environment without manipulating any variables
The observation may be carried out overtly or covertly
Researchers may use an observation checklist; often more than one researcher is used to establish inter-rater reliability
Researchers may take field notes (qualitative); these are more difficult to analyse; usually a content analysis is used to interpret the data

Question 5

Characteristics of semi-structured interviews

Answer 5

While there is a pre-determined set of questions in the interview schedule, the interviewer may deviate from this, asking follow up questions if the interviewee presents an unanticipated and relevant view
May include both open and closed questions
Face-to-face which may lead to interviewer effects and social desirability bias
Results in rich data that must be interpreted through content analysis

Question 6

Characteristics of a natural experiment

Answer 6

An independent variable is naturally occurring- that is, it is not manipulated by the researcher- and a dependent variable is measured. Causality cannot be determined
It is not really possible to control for extraneous variables; matching designs are used to determine the influence of some participant variables
Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions
The data is statistically analysed and p-value is calculated

Question 7

Characteristics of a correlational study

Answer 7

There is no manipulation of an independent variable; instead sets of data are compared to determine a level of correlation
Often pre-existing data sets are used, but they may also be collected through surveys or standardised tests
The data is quantitative and may be statistically analysed for significance

Question 8

Characteristics of a survey/questionnaire

Answer 8

Surveys/ questionnaires are often seen as written interviews; as they are not face-to-face, interviewer effects may be avoided
They allow participants to be anonymous. Surveys/ questionnaires may be coded in order to avoid participants being identified
Questions may be misinterpreted by participants; however, researchers may be available to answer questions about individual questions
Data may be qualitative or quantitative

Question 9

Characteristics of a Quasi experiment

Answer 9

Independent variable is pre-determined, and a dependent variable is measured, causality cannot be determined
There is an attempt to control extraneous variables, increasing internal validity
Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions. They are assigned based on this pre-determined difference
The data is statistically analysed and p-value is calculated

Question 10

Characteristics of an unstructured interview

Answer 10

The interview does not have a set of questions, but instead uses themes and topics with the goal of avoiding leading questions
The interview style is highly naturalistic, reflecting a normal conversation
Face to face which may lead to interviewer effects and social desirability bias
Require more training and experience to collect credible data; it can be hard to keep the interview on track and achieve the research objective when there is no script
Results in rich data that must be interpreted through content analysis

Question 11

RM- The individual and the group

Answer 11

Chen et al (true experiment),
Bandura et al (true experiment)

Question 12

RM- Cultural origins on behaviour and cognition

Answer 12

Chen et al (true experiment) , Takano and Sogon (True experiment with observation)

Question 13

RM- Cultural influences on behaviour and cognition

Answer 13

Miranda and Matheny (questionnaires), Lueck and wilson (semi structured interviews)

Question 14

RM- Globalisation

Answer 14

Becker (surveys and semi structured interviews), Ogihara and Uchida (questionnaires)

Question 15

RM- Cognitive processing

Answer 15

Milner HM (Case study), Shallice and Warrington KF (case study)