ETHICS

Question 1

Informed consent

Answer 1

Participants in a study must be voluntary, and participants must fully understand the nature of their involvement, including the aims of the study, what tasks they will be exposed to and how the data will be used. Researchers should provide as much information as possible and in the clearest possible way. If the participant is a minor, consent should be obtained from the parents/ legal guardians

Question 2

Protection from harm

Answer 2

At all times during the study participants must be protected from harm (both physical and mental). This includes possible negative long-term consequences of participating in a research study

Question 3

Anonymity and confidentiality

Answer 3

Participation in a research study is confidential if there is someone who can connect the results of the study to the identity of a particular participant, but the person cannot share the data with anyone. So the participant provides personal data, but the data stays confidential under the research agreement. Participation in a study is anonymous if no one can trace the results back to a participants identity because no personal details have been provided. e.g. filling out a survey without leaving your name.

Question 4

Right to Withdraw

Answer 4

It must be made explicitly clear to participants that, since their participation is voluntary, they are free to withdraw from the study at any time they want. Researchers must not prevent participants from withdrawing or convince them to stay

Question 5

Deception

Answer 5

In many cases the true aims of the study cannot be revealed to participants because it would change their behaviour and lead to demand characteristics. Therefore a degree of deception needs to be used. In some research methods, deception is part of the process. Researchers must be careful and if deception is used, it must be kept to a necessary minimum

Question 6

Debriefing

Answer 6

After the study participants must be fully informed about its nature, its true aims and how the data will be used and stored. They must be given an opportunity to review their results and withdraw the data if they want to. If deception was used, it must be revealed. Care must be taken to protect participants from any possible harm including long term effects e.g. uncomfortable thoughts and comfortable thoughts. In some cases psychological help needs to be offered to monitor the psychological state of the participant for some time after the study.

Question 7

Ethics- individual and the group

Answer 7

Sherif et al (informed consent and protection from harm) Bandura et al (informed consent and protection from harm)

Question 8

Ethics- Cultural origins on behaviour and cognition

Answer 8

Takano and sogon (deception), Chen et al (deception)

Question 9

Ethics- Cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviour

Answer 9

Miranda and matheny (confidentiality), Lueck and wilson(confidentiality)

Question 10

Ethics- Globalisation

Answer 10

Becker et al (Debrief- no medical tests used, so participants need to know that they might not have eating disorders ), Ogihara and Uchida (debrief to check with the participants)

Question 11

Ethics- Cognitive processing

Answer 11

KF (shallice and warrington) (informed consent) and HM (Milner) (informed consent)