RLE: PRELIM Flashcards
is an invasive procedure, and therefore
significant complications can occur if the wrong amount of
IV fluids or the incorrect medication is given.
● IV therapy
Patients receiving IV therapy for more than _________ should be assessed for an intermediate or
long-term device.
six days
s an order to keep a vein open, or “KVO,”
the usual rate of infusion is
s 20 to 50 ml per hour
- to ensure safe and quality nursing practice in IV
therapy, more revisions were made by the special
committee of the
Association of Nursing
Administrators of the Philippines, Inc., (ANSAP)
Board of Nursing Resolution No. 08 of
1994, with the provision of the Philippine Nursing Act of
1991, ____________________ and to ensure safe
practice in IV therapy
RA 7164 (Article V Section 37)
Blood and blood component administration and specific
guidelines of each component on:
Indications
o Composition and amount
o Specific filter and Duration
o Therapeutic measures for adverse reaction and
nursing consideration before, during and after
transfusion.
to
stop the bleeding
▪ Fibrinogen, prothrombin, plasminogen
AN ACT PROMOTING VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION
PROVIDING FOR AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF SAFE
BLOOD, REGULATING BLOOD BANKS, AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION THEREOF.
NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES ACT OF 1994
● Also known as the Republic Act 7719
3 TYPES OF BLOOD DONOR SOURCES FOR ROUTINE BLOOD
COLLECTION:
Unrelated Donor (Allogeneic)
● Directed Donor
● Autologous Donor (Self)
it is when the fluid (non-vesicant) leaks out into
the tissues under the skin where the catheter has
been put into the vein.
INFILTRATION
the leakage of an injected drug (vesicant) out of
the blood vessels damaging the surrounding
tissues
EXTRAVASATION
Dislodgement can be caused by improper placement, lack
of securement, clinicians tripping over tubing, patient
interference, etc.
CATHETER DISLODGEMENT
the contraction of a vein as protective mechanism;
● narrowing of the vein
VENOUS SPASM
an excess of fluid that disrupt the homeostasis caused by
infusion at a rate greater than the patient’s system is able
to accommodate
CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD
Due to one or more blood clots in the vein that cause
inflammation
THROMBOPHLEBITIS
IT MAY BEGIN AS A BENIGN POLYP BUT DEVELOP INTO A
MALIGNANT TUMOR, INFECT ADJACENT STRUCTURES, AND KILL
HEALTHY TISSUES. THE LIVER, PERITONEUM, AND LUNGS ARE THE
MOST TYPICAL LOCATIONS FOR CANCER CELLS TO SPREAD OUTSIDE
OF THE INITIAL TUMOR.
COLORECTAL CANCER STAGE IIIB
A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea,
constipation or narrowing of the stool, that lasts
for more than a few days (most common
presenting symptoms)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
These grow in
the neuroendocrine cells that make up the digestive
tract lining. Although many individuals experience the
simultaneous development of numerous tumors, the
cancers grow rather slowly
Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors -
These grow in
the Cajal’s interstitial cells, which are a component of
the autonomic nervous system and act as
“pacemakers” for the intestine’s muscles.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
COMPLICATIONS
COLORECTAL CANCER STAGE IIIB
Partial or complete bowel obstruction
Tumor extension and ulceration into the
surrounding
Blood vessels - perforation, abscess formation, peritonitis, sepsis, shock
- These grow in the
immune system’s lymphocytes.
Primary colorectal lymphomas -
- These grow in the
colon’s smooth muscle cells or blood arteries.
Leiomyosarcomas and angiosarcomas are two of the
several cancer subtypes
Squamous cell carcinomas
PROGNOSIS
COLORECTAL CANCER STAGE IIIB
The five-year survival rate for localized colorectal
cancer, which is limited to the colon or rectum, is 90.6
percent, while the rate for distant colorectal cancer,
which has spread to other parts of the body
NURSING MANAGEMENT
COLORECTAL CANCER STAGE IIIB
Preparing the patient for surgery
Providing emotional support.
Providing postoperative care
Maintaining optimal nutrition.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
COLORECTAL CANCER STAGE IIIB
Segmental resection with anastomosis (
● Temporary colostomy followed by segmental resection
and anastomosis and subsequent reanastomosis of the
colostomy, allowing initial bowel decompression and
bowel preparation before resection
removal of the
tumor and portions of the bowel on either side of the growth, as
well as the blood vessels and lymphatic nodes)
●Segmental resection with anastomosis
removal of the tumor and a portion of the
sigmoid and all of the rectum and anal sphincter, also called
Miles resection)
Abdominoperineal resection with permanent sigmoid
colostomy
A temporary
loop ileostomy is constructed to divert intestinal flow, and
the newly constructed J-pouch (made from 6 to 10 cm of
colon) is reattached to the anal stump.
Construction of a coloanal reservoir called a colonic
J-pouch,
The most prevalent form of cerebrovascular disease is
stroke
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CVD BLEED
(BDFV)
Balance issues
* Delirium
* Fainting
* Vision loss
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
CVD BLEED
Some patients will undergo catheter-directed intracranial
intervention
atients who were previously on anticoagulation agents
will need reversal agents and plasma product transfusions
is a multifaceted renal
disorder characterized by a collection of
symptoms that arise from the malfunction of the
kidneys. This syndrome primarily affects the
glomeruli, which are tiny filtering units within the
kidneys responsible for removing waste and
excess fluids from the blood.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
This is the most
common cause of nephrotic syndrome in
children. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s
characterized by minimal changes in the
appearance of kidney tissue under a microscope.
Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
High blood sugar
levels in diabetes can damage the kidney
Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome
- Diabetes-related Nephropathy:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) can cause inflammation in the kidneys,
leading to nephrotic syndrome
Lupus Nephritis:
In this condition, abnormal protein
deposits called amyloids can accumulate in the
kidneys, affecting their function.
Amyloidosis:
A genetic disorder that affects the collagen in the
kidneys, leading to kidney damage and nephrotic
syndrome.
Genetic Nephrotic Syndrome Alport Syndrome:
Rare genetic
mutations can result in abnormal kidney function
and nephrotic syndrome in newborns.
Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Proteinuria
● Edema
● Hypoalbuminemia
● Hyperlipidemia
s a fluid accumulation between the
tissue layers that border the lungs and chest cavity.
PLEURAL EFFUSION
is caused by fluid
leaking into the pleural space due to increased
pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein
count. It can happen if you have congestive heart
failure, cirrhosis, kidney disease
Transudative pleural effusion
this occurs when a fluid
accumulation arises as a result of inflammation,
infection, tumors, a lung injury or sometimes bacteria
that leak across damaged blood vessels into the
pleura
Exudative pleural effusion
a disorder wherein the kidneys become
damaged and are unable to filter blood as effectively
as they should.
CKD BLEED
(GFR = 30-44 mL/min) Moderate to severe
damage. Kidneys don’t work as well as they should
Stage 3B
(GFR = 45-59 mL/min) Mild to moderate
kidney damage. Kidneys don’t work as well as they
should.
Stage 3A -
(GFR = 60-89 mL/min) Mild kidney damage.
Kidneys still work well.
Stage 2
Stage 1 -
(GFR > 90 mL/min) Mild kidney damage.
Kidneys work as well as normal
Stage 4
- (GFR = 15-29 mL/min) Severe kidney
damage. Kidneys are close to not working at all. ➢
(GFR <15 mL/min) Most severe kidney
damage. Kidneys are very close to not working or
have stopped working (failed).
Stage 5
