RLE: CASE PRES MIDTERM Flashcards
occurs when the parietal or visceral pleura is breached and the pleural space is exposed to positive atmospheric pressure
Pneumothorax
the pressure in the pleural space is
negative or subatmospheric
are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gasses and particulate matter.
Emphysema
Types of pneumothorax include:
Simple
Traumatic
Tension
It occurs when air enters the pleural space through a breach of either the parietal or visceral pleura. Most commonly this occurs as air enters the pleural space through bronchopleural fistula
Simple or spontaneous Pneumothorax
Occurs when air escapes from a laceration in the lung itself and enters the pleural space or from a wound in the chest wall
Traumatic Pneumothorax
Occurs when air is drawn into the pleural space from a lacerated lung or through a small opening or wound in the chest wall.
Tension Pneumothorax
S/s of Pneumothorax
Shortness of breath due to inability to fully expand the lungs during inspiration.
Pleuritic pain of sudden onset
Acute respiratory distress
Absent breath sounds
Nursing Management
of pneumthorax
Promote early detection through assessment and identification of high-risk population.
Assist in chest tube insertion; maintain chest drainage or water-seal.
Medical management of pneumothorax depends on its cause and severity. The goal of treatment is to
to evacuate the air or blood from the pleural space.
when an infection leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction. It is the most severe form of sepsis, a condition in which the body’s response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs.
Septic shock is a life-threatening medical condition
This type of shock is caused by a decrease in blood volume, which can be due to hemorrhage, dehydration, or plasma loss
Hypovolemic shock:
This type of shock is caused by a failure of the heart to pump blood effectively.
Cardiogenic shock:
This type of shock is caused by a blockage in the blood vessels, such as a pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade.
Obstructive shock:
This type of shock is caused by a problem with the blood vessels that causes them to dilate, which reduces blood pressure.
Distributive shock:
This type of shock is caused by a severe infection, accompanied by hypotension
Septic shock
his type of septic shock occurs within hours to days of the onset of infection. It is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Early septic shock:
This type of septic shock occurs days to weeks after the onset of infection. It is characterized by SIRS, hypotension, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
Late septic shock:
In addition to these two main types, septic shock can also be classified according to its severity:
Mild
moderate
severe
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that responds to adequate fluid resuscitation
Mild septic shock
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation, but does respond to vasopressors
Moderate septic shock
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation or vasopressors.
Severe septic shock:
Signs & Symptoms septic shock: TAO HOT
Tachypnea: Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute
Oliguria: Urine output less than 30 mL per hour
Altered mental status: Confusion, delirium, or coma
Hypotension: Blood pressure lower than 90/60 mmHg
Other signs and symptoms: Fever, chills, sweating, cold extremities,
Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute