RLE: CASE PRES MIDTERM Flashcards
occurs when the parietal or visceral pleura is breached and the pleural space is exposed to positive atmospheric pressure
Pneumothorax
the pressure in the pleural space is
negative or subatmospheric
are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gasses and particulate matter.
Emphysema
Types of pneumothorax include:
Simple
Traumatic
Tension
It occurs when air enters the pleural space through a breach of either the parietal or visceral pleura. Most commonly this occurs as air enters the pleural space through bronchopleural fistula
Simple or spontaneous Pneumothorax
Occurs when air escapes from a laceration in the lung itself and enters the pleural space or from a wound in the chest wall
Traumatic Pneumothorax
Occurs when air is drawn into the pleural space from a lacerated lung or through a small opening or wound in the chest wall.
Tension Pneumothorax
S/s of Pneumothorax
Shortness of breath due to inability to fully expand the lungs during inspiration.
Pleuritic pain of sudden onset
Acute respiratory distress
Absent breath sounds
Nursing Management
of pneumthorax
Promote early detection through assessment and identification of high-risk population.
Assist in chest tube insertion; maintain chest drainage or water-seal.
Medical management of pneumothorax depends on its cause and severity. The goal of treatment is to
to evacuate the air or blood from the pleural space.
when an infection leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction. It is the most severe form of sepsis, a condition in which the body’s response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs.
Septic shock is a life-threatening medical condition
This type of shock is caused by a decrease in blood volume, which can be due to hemorrhage, dehydration, or plasma loss
Hypovolemic shock:
This type of shock is caused by a failure of the heart to pump blood effectively.
Cardiogenic shock:
This type of shock is caused by a blockage in the blood vessels, such as a pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade.
Obstructive shock:
This type of shock is caused by a problem with the blood vessels that causes them to dilate, which reduces blood pressure.
Distributive shock:
This type of shock is caused by a severe infection, accompanied by hypotension
Septic shock
his type of septic shock occurs within hours to days of the onset of infection. It is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Early septic shock:
This type of septic shock occurs days to weeks after the onset of infection. It is characterized by SIRS, hypotension, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
Late septic shock:
In addition to these two main types, septic shock can also be classified according to its severity:
Mild
moderate
severe
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that responds to adequate fluid resuscitation
Mild septic shock
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation, but does respond to vasopressors
Moderate septic shock
This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation or vasopressors.
Severe septic shock:
Signs & Symptoms septic shock: TAO HOT
Tachypnea: Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute
Oliguria: Urine output less than 30 mL per hour
Altered mental status: Confusion, delirium, or coma
Hypotension: Blood pressure lower than 90/60 mmHg
Other signs and symptoms: Fever, chills, sweating, cold extremities,
Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute
Septic shock can also cause organ dysfunction, which can lead to additional symptoms, such as:
LKL CC
Lung dysfunction: Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, respiratory failure
Kidney dysfunction: Decreased urine output, acute renal failure
Liver dysfunction: Jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy
Cardiac dysfunction: Heart failure, arrhythmias
Coagulopathy: Bleeding disorders
Nursing Management of Septic shock
Nursing Management
Early assessment and recognition of septic shock
Prompt initiation of fluid resuscitation
Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Hemodynamic support with vasoactive medications
Ensuring adequate oxygenation and respiratory support
Implementing infection control measures
Providing nutritional support
Medical Management
Septic shock FAVO
Fluid resuscitation
Antibiotics:
Vasoactive medications:
Other supportive measures:
used in septic shock include norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine.
Vasoactive medications
are administered as soon as possible to target the suspected or proven pathogen. Once the culture results and sensitivities
Antibiotics
medical condition characterized by a simultaneous reduction in two essential components of the blood: red blood cells,white blood cells and platelets. Hematologically, it signifies a significant imbalance that can have far-reaching consequences on an individual’s health
Bicytopenia
This condition can manifest in various ways, leading to anemia, which results from decreased red blood cells, and leukopenia, stemming from decreased white blood cells,
Bicytopenia
a condition that occurs when the platelet count in your blood is too low. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. When you are injured, platelets stick together to form a plug to seal your wound.
Thrombocytopenia
Types of bicytopenia: AAT
Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
Anemia and Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia
This combination features a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anemia) and a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), which can lead to problems with blood clotting and bleeding. When both anemia and thrombocytopenia occur together in an individual, it is considered bicytopenia.
Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
This type of bicytopenia involves a reduction in both red blood cells (anemia) and white blood cells (leukopenia). Anemia leads to a decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and paleness. Leukopenia lowers the body’s ability to fight infections, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses.
Anemia and Leukopenia
In this type, the individual experiences a decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) along with a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia). Thrombocytopenia reduces the blood’s ability to clot properly, leading to a risk of bleeding or easy bruising, while leukopenia weakens the immune system’s defense against infections.
Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia
Signs and Symptoms
of bicyto: FUPE
Frequent Infection
Unexplained Bruising
Petechiae
Enlarged Spleen
Nursing Management
Bicytopenia
aimed at addressing the dual challenges of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as the underlying causes
Medical Management
The medical management for patients with bicytopenia
BIHAT
Treatment of Underlying Cause
Blood Transfusions
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Antibiotics
rare and serious blood disorder characterized by the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, leading to hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Medical management of PNH primarily involves addressing the underlying pathophysiology
eculizumab,
blood transfusions
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Ampicillin computation
wt x 100 divided by 2 then Q/S = D
Gentamicin formula
wt x 5 x 2 / stock dose
Stock doses of Gentamicin
40, 80, 20 mg/ 2ml
Stock doses of Amoxicicillin
1000 mg / 5 ml
500 mg / 3ml
200 mg / 2ml
