Rivers- 9 marker Qs Flashcards
ref ex, explain how rock type and structure influence the development of landforms of river erosion
waterfalls occur on the margins of horizontally bedded rocks. The softer rock is underneath the harder rock and is eroded quicker, creating an overhang, eventually the harder rock collapses into the plunge pal which is worn away by the waterfall.
example- high force waterfall is on the rivers Tees, Tees valley England.
At high force the river tees runs over rhinestone, a hard igneous rock. below is a softer, carboniferous limestone.
the water gradually erodes the limestone quicker than the rhinestone and creates a slight dip in the bed.
this creates an overhang of hard whinstone.
eventually the harder rock of whinestone collapses into the plunge pool, which is worn away by the water fall, through erosion processes such as hydraulic action abrasion and solution.
It has currently formed a 700m gorge in the valley and the waterfall is 20m high.
ref ex, explain how rock type and structure influence the development of landforms of river erosion
waterfalls occur on the margins of horizontally bedded rocks. The softer rock is underneath the harder rock and is eroded quicker, creating an overhang, eventually the harder rock collapses into the plunge pal which is worn away by the waterfall.
example- high force waterfall is on the rivers Tees, Tees valley England.
At high force the river tees runs over rhinestone, a hard igneous rock. below is a softer, carboniferous limestone.
the water gradually erodes the limestone quicker than the rhinestone and creates a slight dip in the bed.
this creates an overhang of hard ghinstone
ref ex, explain why differing land uses may conflict
river severn:
conflict between activities- wildlife protection- 200 areas of aquatic interest disturbed by transport - several ferries and worcester river cruises between tewkesbury and stourport. water pollution toxic for fish disrupt food chain by killing certain species.
conflict using same resource
myth water treatment plant- human consumption vs irrigational use for agri ALSO discharge from sewage affects both- lowering water qual.
flood defence- myth alleviation scheme major defences at tewkesbury and shrewsbury problem with residents aesthetics large obstructions put people off living there
ref ex, explain why differing land uses may conflict
river severn:
conflict between activities- wildlife protection- 200 areas of aquatic interest disturbed by transport - several ferries and worcester river cruises between tewkesbury and stourport. water pollution toxic for fish disrupt food chain by killing certain species.
conflict using same resource
myth water treatment plant- human consumption vs irrigational use for agri ALSO discharge from sewage affects both- lowering water qual.
flood defence- myth alleviation scheme major defences at tewkesbury and shrewsbury problem with residents aesthetics large obstructions put people off living there
ref ex, describe and explain how a river environment provides opportunities for human activities
NILE-major north flowing river in north-eastern africa-generally regarded as longest in world.
ideal for certain human activities include water supply per se which led to growth of cairo before river divided into many distributaries.
the river provides a means of travel- nile cruises creating employment. flat fertile land creates opp for agriculture- led to growth of cairo. settlements can form of flat land and near water supply
tourism due to high climate (9.7 million tourists in 2006)=incomes!!
presence of natural oil and gas in nile delta is also revenue for exploitation accounting for 30% of GDP important to economy.
ref ex, examine the economic impacts of flooding
The river severn flooded in july 2007 which created huge economic impacts.
5000 home and businesses were flooded
27,000 domestic insurance claims
7000 business claims
closed shops had a loss of income during this time
500 commuters stranded at Gloucester train station so not able to get to work
10,000 motorists stranded on country roads such as the M5
ref ex, examine the economic impacts of flooding
The river severn flooded in july 2007 which created huge economic impacts.
5000 home and businesses were flooded
27,000 domestic insurance claims
7000 business claims
closed shops had a loss of income during this time
500 commuters stranded at Gloucester train station so not able to get to work
10,000 motorists stranded on country roads such as the M5
flooded farmland- maize, potatoes, hay crops submeged
all these meant loss of income and put huge expenditure pressure on the economy to resolve all the problems causing debt in the economy.
ref ex, explain how human activities can increase flood risk
river severn- longest river in britiain catchment - 11,000km^2 and pop-2.3m
urbanisation- industry along river- sand and grave extraction for severn estuary, avonmouth industrial and economic developments. Large scale residential use- coventry, warwick, cheltenham, shrewsbury, tewkesburt etc
ref ex, explain how human activities can increase flood risk
river severn- longest river in britiain catchment - 11,000km^2 and pop-2.3m
urbanisation- industry along river- sand and grave extraction for severn estuary, avonmouth industrial and economic developments. Large scale residential use- coventry, warwick, cheltenham, shrewsbury, tewkesbury etc. various power use- hydroelectric power: clywedog power plant, nuclear power plant at hinkley point- all these forms of urbanisation required the need for building impermeable rock surfaces- concrete which…………….blah blah increase flooding.
deforestation- blag about how trees were chopped down on nile river basin as many poorer countries e.g sudan and ethiopia use wood for fuel.
ref ex, describe and explain how river basins are managed to resolve flood risk issues
severn catchment flood management plan (CFMP) the river has been divided into 20 sub-sections called policy units.
ref ex, describe and explain how river basins are managed to resolve flood risk issues
severn catchment flood management plan (CFMP) the river has been divided into 20 sub-sections called policy units. corresponding to the needs of each sub-section a management plan was allocated- according it’s level of risk and value.
managements include encouraging best practises in land use to restore more sustainable natural floodplains and to reduce run-off. raise awareness of flooding among the public- especially major operators in infrastruture- to ensure better preperation.
better develop understanding of flooding from surface water, from drainage systems and from non’main watercourses.
reviewing how effective flood defences and acting accordingly
earth embankments
in the confluence area- between worcester and gloucester
maintaining river channels
maintenance f road drainage and sewers
providing flood forecasting and warning services
following tewkesbury floods- houses were built on stilts.
ref ex, describe and explain the growth and development of two different human activities
severn
multi-use resource
water supply industry residential use agriculture transport power recreation conservation
tourism - gorge walking, sightseeing, waterfalls spectacular, angling fishing framers proving band castle moments museums
reservoirs
flat land -settlement
reservoirs- high rainfall provides water for towns in the lower course of the river- v shaped valleys are easy to dam and provide deep reservoirs
agriculture- rich supply of clay and fertile soil due to deposition of silts and clays (alluvium)
industry- iron bridge power station built on flat land close to cities needing electricity supply- growth of city increased demand.
ref ex, describe and explain the growth and development of two different human activities
severn
multi-use resource
water supply industry residential use agriculture transport power recreation conservation
tourism - gorge walking, sightseeing, waterfalls spectacular, angling fishing framers proving band castle moments museums
reservoirs
flat land -settlement
reservoirs- high rainfall provides water for towns in the lower course of the river- v shaped valleys are easy to dam and provide deep reservoirs
agriculture- rich supply of clay and fertile soil due to deposition of silts and clays (alluvium)
industry- iron bridge power station built on flat land close to cities needing electricity supply- growth of city increased demand.
ref ex, explain the social impacts of river flooding
severn river flooded in july 2007
and as a consequent suffered may social issues
water treatment plant in tewkesbury was flooded
-water supplies for 140,000 households were stopped
-lef without safe drinking water for at least five days
an electricity sub-station near glouscester was flooded
50,000 homes without power
135,000 homes had no drinking water for up to 17 days
40 million drinking bottles had to be distributed and 14,00 bowsers deployed
crisis costing£50 million
emergency services may have difficulty accessing the area to help people in trouble
ref ex, explain how they can be protected from the effects of flooding
severn
river embankments
flood barriers- both temporary and permanent systems ADD SOME MORE !!
