Hot- 9 marker Qs

Question 1

ref ex, explain how careful management can help ensure sustainability

Answer 1

Arches national park SE utah USA
fee charges $10 a car for 7 days
$20 a night in the campsite
revenues have detterent effect but money raised is used to upgrade walking trails and provide new toilet facil and replacing worn out board walks
change visitor behaviour - prevent graffiti which take hours removing
information boards
hikers often don’t stick to board walks which damages crytobiotic crust. (relies on visitors compliance)
car parking and congestion
new system in proposal to have shuttle buses. people leave their cars outside and get buses around.

Question 2

ref ex, explain how careful management can help ensure sustainability

Answer 2

Arches national park SE utah USA
fee charges $10 a car for 7 days
$20 a night in the campsite
revenues have detterent effect but money raised is used to upgrade walking trails and provide new toilet facil and replacing worn out board walks
change visitor behaviour - prevent graffiti which take hours removing
information boards
hikers often don’t stick to board walks which damages crytobiotic crust. (relies on visitors compliance)
car parking and congestion
new system in proposal to have shuttle buses. people leave their cars outside and get buses around.

Question 3

ref ex, explain how careful management can help ensure sustainability

Answer 3

Arches national park SE utah USA
fee charges $10 a car for 7 days
$20 a night in the campsite
revenues have detterent effect but money raised is used to upgrade walking trails and provide new toilet facil and replacing worn out board walks
change visitor behaviour - prevent graffiti which take hours removing
information boards
hikers often don’t stick to board walks which damages crytobiotic crust.
car parking and congestion
new system in proposal to have shuttle buses.

Question 4

ref ex, explain how water produces distinctive landforms

Answer 4

bonneville saltflats, utah. vast flat area of land that was once a lakebed thousands of years ago. It was formed evaporation rate was higher than that of precipitation. it’s white due to due to the salt and other minerals that were

Question 5

ref ex, explain how water produces distinctive landforms

Answer 5

bonneville saltflats, northwestern utah. vast flat area of land 104km2 that was once a lakebed thousands of years ago. It was formed evaporation rate was higher than that of precipitation. it’s white due to due to the salt and other minerals because the saline lake evaporated. it’s an

Question 6

ref ex, explain how water produces distinctive landforms

Answer 6

bonneville saltflats, northwestern utah. vast flat area of land 104km2 that was once a lakebed thousands of years ago. It was formed evaporation rate was higher than that of precipitation. it’s white due to due to the salt and other minerals because the saline lake evaporated.
A sand sea for example the Abrabian desert can contain a variety of sand dunes, including linear, crescent and star dunes. Most deserts have formed over the past 12,000 years since the end of the last ice age. They have become hotter and drier over that time period. over that time, surrounding rocky areas have been eroded by abrasion and weathered due to temperature changes) and produced fine grains of material. These are moved by suspension and saltation. the sand has built up due to lack of vegetation and very strong winds.

Question 7

ref ex, explain how water produces distinctive landforms

Answer 7

bonneville saltflats, northwestern utah. vast flat area of land 104km2 that was once a lakebed thousands of years ago. It was formed evaporation rate was higher than that of precipitation. it’s white due to due to the salt and other minerals because the saline lake evaporated.
A sand sea for example the Abrabian desert can contain a variety of sand dunes, including linear, crescent and star dunes. Most deserts have formed over the past 12,000 years since the end of the last ice age. They have become hotter and drier over that time period. over that time, surrounding rocky areas have been eroded by abrasion and weathered due to temperature changes) and produced fine grains of material. These are moved by suspension and saltation. the sand has built up due to lack of vegetation and very strong winds.

Question 8

ref ex, examine how water has shaped the landscape

Answer 8

a wadi is a dry river bed that only carries water after intense rain. most wadis were formed long ago when the climate was wetter so rivers existed in the now arid are. Today, when it rains heavily strong torrents of water may move along the wadis. They can carry material by suspension

Question 9

ref ex, examine how water has shaped the landscape

Answer 9

a wadi is a dry river bed that only carries water after intense rain. most wadis were formed long ago when the climate was wetter so rivers existed in the now arid are. Today, when it rains heavily strong torrents of water may move along the wadis. They can carry material by suspension or move material by traction or saltation. The water and material carried by the river erodes the bed to shape the steep sides and flat base of a wadi- processes including abrasion and hydraulic action.

Question 10

ref ex, examine how water has shaped the landscape

Answer 10

Many examples in jordan. a wadi is a dry river bed that only carries water after intense rain. most wadis were formed long ago when the climate was wetter so rivers existed in the now arid are. Today, when it rains heavily strong torrents of water may move along the wadis. They can carry material by suspension or move material by traction or saltation. The water and material carried by the river erodes the bed to shape the steep sides and flat base of a wadi- processes including abrasion and hydraulic action.

Question 11

ref ex, show how hot arid environments provide economic oppORTUNITES

Answer 11

The navajo Nation in southern utah- monument valley. oppotunities include- selling homemade baskets to tourists as souvenirs $3000-$7000 each=income generation

Question 12

ref ex, show how hot arid environments provide economic oppORTUNITES

Answer 12

The navajo Nation in southern utah- monument valley. oppotunities include- selling homemade baskets to tourists as souvenirs $3000-$7000 each=income generation
tourists admiring dramatic landscape through boardwalks, boat trips on the lake.
leisure activities- sport related mostly e.g. hiking, rock climbing.
arches national park also in southern utah USA opps include visitor attraction due to highest conc of natural stone arches in the world- arches composed of red entrada sandstone. peak visiting times is from may and september, people visit in private cars due to the location. there are designated trails, car parks and several visitor centres at key places within the park. Inside there are no permanent settlements or economic activites.

Question 13

ref ex, show how hot arid environments provide economic oppORTUNITES

Answer 13

The navajo Nation in southern utah- monument valley. oppotunities include- selling homemade baskets to tourists as souvenirs $3000-$7000 each=income generation
tourists admiring dramatic landscape through boardwalks, boat trips on the lake.
leisure activities- sport related mostly e.g. hiking, rock climbing.
arches national park also in southern utah USA opps include visitor attraction due to highest conc of natural stone arches in the world- arches composed of red entrada sandstone. peak visiting times is from may and september, people visit in private cars due to the location. there are designated trails, car parks and several visitor centres at key places within the park. Inside there are no permanent settlements or economic activites.

Question 14

ref ex, show how and why the ecosystem has been damaged

Answer 14

arches national park- southern utah USA human factors making it vulnerable include air, noise and water pollution. introduced species. damaged to the crytobiotic crust by footprints or machinery. A thin layer of cryptobiotic soil may return in 5-7yeears. intense ORV use.
physical factors wind blows peives of broken crust away preventing reattachemnt to disturbed areas, as well as disrupting underlying loose soil, often covering nearby crusts. slow rates of growth and recovery. bedding planes in red sandstone rocks=line of weakness temp fall below 0degrees for 7 moths/yr so freeze thaw and crystal salt weathering takes place. cracks widened by crystallisation. high evaporation rates and low irregular rainfall severely limites opportunites for plant growth. Water is often lost from the soil as there is little excretion so the organic content of soil may be only 0.5-2% so is therefore poor at retaining water and nutrients.

Question 15

ref ex, show how hot env provide challenges for development

Answer 15

Navajo nation- SW USA
land has no paper value so this inhibits any being sold to developers. 8000 claim grazing rights over land that in fact has no official leglisation by the dysfunctional government system. This results in under population and restricted development opportunities
arches national park in SE Utah USA also faces developmental challenges. The reserve is extremely fragile and therefore vulnerable to damage, elements that contribute to this are the cryptobiotic crust which aids soil integration and ability to withstand wind, but due to the area’s over use of ATV and ORVs it means the crust gets trampled on and destroyed so the management and regulation of its development has to be considered (1m visitors a year)
The climatic conditions of the NN mean the development of agriculture is tough. Soil is not fertile for farming crops or maintaining grazing for animals (e.g cattle) the development of a quaternary industry is very unlikely, as the footloose industries are attracted to desirable places to live, not the middle of an arid area that’s isolated, lacks services and is extremely hot!!

Question 16

ref ex, describe and explain how wind has shaped two different landforms in hot env

Answer 16

one landform is yardangs which are abundant in the charger yarding field in Egypt. These are formed due to wind erosion. They’re steep-crested, linear ridges orientated parallel to the prevailing wind. they always occur in groups because the rock type and structure of the hot env- the wind removes all the sand in an area leaving the bedrock- if this is soft or porous rock win ds will erode the bedrock sandblasting hollows out of the soft parts of its surface. can be up to 100 feet high and can stretch over one mile in length.
another landform is a sand sea such as in the Arabian desert which consists of a variety of sard dunes including linear, crescent and star dunes. the desert has formed over the past 12,000 years since the end of the last ice age. they can become hotter and dryer over this period. over that time surrounding rocky areas have been eroded (e.g by abrasion) and weathered (e.g due to temperature change)` and produced fine grains of material. these are moved by suspension and saltation.

Question 17

ref ex, explain how hot env can be exploited for short term gains

Answer 17

THE TAL RIMAH RANGELAND REHABILITATION PROJECT, BADIA, JORDAN
• An area traditionally grazed by the Bedouin who herded their goats, sheep and camels across the area in search of shrubs and bushes to graze on.
• Overgrazing occurred when lots of sheep were sold cheaply from Iraq to Jordanians. Plants gradually died and the area suffered from desertification. Animals’ hooves broke up the ground, so plants couldn’t grow.
• Rangelands consist of the desert land around As Safawi in the Badia region.
• Desertification: a type of land degradation in which increasingly arid area can experience a loss of water, vegetation and wildlife.
AZRAQ WETLANDS, BADIA REGION, JORDAN
Formed at an oasis in the desert where natural springs once flowed to the surface, creating a unique habitat for birds and animals.
Between 1980 and 1993, water was pumped from the underground aquifer in Azraq to provide for the increasing population in the capital, Amman. It pumped ¼ of their drinking water. The water was also pumped from Syria.
It was unsustainable at 50 million cubic metres because the abstraction rate greatly exceeded recharge.
1993: no surface water left and ecosystem was destroyed. The wetland dried up, migratory birds and large mammals were lost.
The government introduced piped water to the wetlands, and part of the area is restored and is home to many plants, birds and animal species.