Rite ad 5 Flashcards by William Kerns

Which of the following is possible if a cryogen is released into the MR room?
Start snowing in the room
Start raining in the room
Have poor visibility
All of the choices

Start snowing in the room
Start raining in the room
Have poor visibility

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A cryogen released in the scan room will do what to the room pressure?
Increase it
Not change it
Decrease it
Vary it

Increase it

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Helium is very reactive?
True
False

False

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What is hypothermia?
When the blood pressure decreases dramatically
When the blood pressure increases dramatically
When the body temperature gets dangerously warm
When the body temperatures get dangerously cold

When the body temperatures get dangerously cold

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The gas ratio of helium is what?
1:2
200:1
1:1
700:1

700:1

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If a cryogen touches a patient skin, what would happen?
Nothing
2nd-degree burn
Frostbite/tissue necrosis
Infection

Frostbite/tissue necrosis

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How cold is helium in its liquid state?
500 Kelvin
-100 degrees Celsius
0 Kelvin
~4 Kelvin

~4 Kelvin

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The change in pressure in the MRI scan room can do what to the patient during a malfunctioned quench?
Form a magnetic field around the scan table
Throw the patient around the room
Cause the room to shake
A patient may experience ear pain from increased pressure

A patient may experience ear pain from increased pressure

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What occurs if a quench vent pathway fails?
Pressure within the MR scan room would increase
The static magnetic field will increase in strength
The gradient coils will be activated
The RF transmitter will emit a resonant frequency

Pressure within the MR scan room would increase

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If a cryogen is released into the MR room, what could occur in the patient?
Asphyxia
Bronchitis
Neuropathy
Proximity Burn

Asphyxia

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The degree that a tissue demonstrates T1 and T2 relaxation post contrast media injection refer to what?
Relaxivity
Osmolarity
Chelation
Viscosity

Relaxivity

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Which of the following are contraindication(s) to the administration of a GBCA?
None of the above
Sickle-cell
Beta-blockers
Asthma

None of the above

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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis is caused by what?
When the gadolinium ion is excreted from the body quickly
When the gadolinium ion is excreted by the liver
When the patient is allergic to gadolinium contrast media
When a gadolinium ion breaks free from the ligand and remains in the body

When a gadolinium ion breaks free from the ligand and remains in the body

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A patient receives many doses of gadolinium contrast over their lifetime. They come in for an MR brain and T1 shortening is seen pre-contrast in the dentate nuclei and basal ganglia. What is this called?
Retained gadolinium
Magnetohydrodynamic effect
NSF
Anthropogenic

Retained gadolinium

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Normal kidneys should excrete all gadolinium contrast from a patient how quickly?
32 hr
6 hr
12 hr
24 hr

24 hr

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A contrast media with a high relaxivity will do what when compared to a contrast media with a lower relaxivity?
It will produce more signal
It will produce less signal
It will produce more image noise
It will improve the resolution

It will produce more signal

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A disease that may be connected with delivering gadolinium contrast to patients with compromised renal function is called?
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Musculoskeletal fibrosis
Fibromyalgia
Gadolinuim deposition

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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Which of the following gadolinium contrast agents will demonstrate the highest risk of NSF in patients who are in renal failure?
Linear non-ionic contrast
Linear ionic contrast
Macrocyclic ionic contrast
Macrocyclic non-ionic contrast

Linear non-ionic contrast

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The detection of gadolinium in the drinking water is called?
Gadolinium retention
NSF
Anthropogenic
Teratogenesis

Anthropogenic

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The frequency of acute adverse reactions to GBCA is about______times higher in patients with previous reaction to GBCM.
3
0.06
5
8

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What is the national standard formula for pediatrics and eGFR?
MSDS
CKD-EPI
SER-EGFR
Bedside Schwartz

Bedside Schwartz

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Anthropogenic gadolinium can be described as what?
The influence of gadolinium on patients with renal insufficiency
When the accumulation of gadolinium occurs in the body
When gadolinium is found in the water supply
When the retention of gadolinium in specific tissues is present

When gadolinium is found in the water supply

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A disease that causes fibrosis of the skin and organs of a patient who receives unstable gadolinium-based contrast media is called?
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Musculoskeletal fibrosis
Fibromyalgia
Gadolinuim deposition

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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Which of the following is true if we increase the image matrix from 256×256 to 512×512?
We reduce peripheral nerve stimulation
Our phase encoding gradient would active a stronger magnetic gradient field
Our phase encoding gradients would activate a weaker magnetic gradient field
We reduce patient heating

Our phase encoding gradient would active a stronger magnetic gradient field

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What is true of peripheral nerve stimulation? An exam must be stopped if this occurs It can cause discomfort to the patient It is always life-threatening All of the choices

It can cause discomfort to the patient

What is the FDA limit for the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation? What the patient can tolerate 300mT/m 300W/kg 1 degree Celsius

What the patient can tolerate

Which of the following will produce the greatest possibility of peripheral nerve stimulation when we change the following, but not the slew rate? Moving from a large image matrix (384×384) to a small image matrix (160×160) Changing your slice thickness from 2mm to 7mm Moving from a small FOV (120mm) to a large FOV (350mm) Moving from a small image matrix (320×320) to a large image matrix (512×512)

Moving from a small image matrix (320×320) to a large image matrix (512×512)

Where will peripheral nerve stimulation be felt with the most intensity? At isocenter Further away from isocenter in the gantry At the level of the table when it is advanced Outside the gantry near the 5 gauss line

Further away from isocenter in the gantry

Which of the following is true if we increase the field of view from 200mm to 400mm? We use a weak time-varying gradient magnetic field We reduce patient heating We increase the patient heating We use a stronger time-varying gradient magnetic field

We use a weak time-varying gradient magnetic field

Which of the following concerns can be caused by the time-varying gradient magnetic field with a lead in the heart? Muscle fatigue Anaphylaxis Arrhythmia All of the choices

Arrhythmia

Which of the following is measured in milliseconds? Spatial gradient The rise time The slew rate Maximum gradient peak

The rise time

Which of the following pulse sequences will produce the greatest chance for peripheral nerve stimulation? Conventional spin echo Fast spin echo Gradient echo EPI

EPI

Which of the following will produce a minimal chance of peripheral nerve stimulation when using the same slew rate? Going from a small image matrix (256×256) to a large image matrix (512×512) Going from a large FOV (300 mm) to a small FOV (200 mm) Going from a thick slice (5 mm) to a thin slice (1 mm) Going from a large image matrix (512 x 512) to a small image matrix (320×320)

Going from a large image matrix (512 x 512) to a small image matrix (320×320)

Do not expose implant to more than 80% the maximum threshold of the gradient coils, means: That we must stay in normal operation mode. That we must stay in first-level mode That we must stay in second-level mode

That we must stay in normal operation mode.

The slew rate influences which of the following? The amount of induced stimulation in our patient The amount of heating in our patient The rotational forces The translational forces

The amount of induced stimulation in our patient

Which of the following bioeffects are associated with the time-varying gradient magnetic field? Select all that apply. Significant heating Magnetophosphenes Magnetohydrodynamic effect Peripheral nerve stimulation

Magnetophosphenes Peripheral nerve stimulation

Which of the following is measured in mT/m? The rise time Maximum gradient peak The slew rate Spatial gradient

Maximum gradient peak

Which of the following is measured in T/m/s? The slew rate Maximum gradient peak The rise time Spatial gradient

The slew rate

1.5T and 3T MR units typically have a maximum gradient peak of what? 10-20 mT/m 0-20 mT/m 20-35 mT/m 30-45 mT/m

30-45 mT/m

The speed that the gradient coils can activate and deactivate is called the? The rise time Maximum gradient peak Spatial gradient The slew rate

The slew rate

Which of the following mechanisms of patient burning is associated with the antenna effect? Ferrous induction Induced loop burning Resonant burning Proximity burning

Resonant burning

When can heating occur in a wire that is exposed to RF? When the transmitted wavelength is half of the resonant frequency or is a multiple of the length of that When objects get smaller Only in ferrous objects In small round metal objects

When the transmitted wavelength is half of the resonant frequency or is a multiple of the length of that

When discussing the distance from an RF transmitter and the biological effects witnessed, which of the following describe the area where the most energy is absorbed in implants and/or our patient? Far field Near field Circular polarization Danger zone

Near field

_________ diameter loop formed by tissues or devices with a _________ contact point will increase the chance for induced loop burns? Large; small Narrow; large Large; large Narrow; small

Large; small

A burn that correlates with tissue in contact with the side of the bore at the level of the RF transmitter is referred to as what? Missile effect Reflective burning Resonant burning Proximity burning

Proximity burning

What is the SAR limit for the whole body in first-level controlled operating mode? 8 W/kg for 6 min. 7 W/kg for 6 min. 3 W/kg for 6 min. 4 W/kg for 6min.

4 W/kg for 6min.

Which of the following is a “heat sink” in MRI? Ice pack Insulated wire Ferrous object All of the choices

Ice pack

Loops created with tissue or devices can cause which of the following harmful effects when experiencing an RF exposure? Burning Missile effect Lenz’s force Peripheral nerve stimulation

Burning

The IEC 60601-2-33 whole body normal operating mode is ___________ the energy requirements limited in the first level controlled operating mode. Half Double Not comparable to Triple

Half

Wires and leads can produce heat because they are what? Magnetic Reactive Electrically conductive Diamagnetic

Electrically conductive

Heating or focused hotspots are common in which of the following? Select all that apply. In devices with sharp points or edges In areas outside the RF field Objects less than 2 cm in size In round small objects

In devices with sharp points or edges

An energy deposition mode set to normal operation mode will allow whole-body heating in a patient to what? 2 degrees Celsius 1 degree Celsius 0.5 degrees Celsius 3 degrees Celsius

0.5 degrees Celsius

An ice pack used to reduce the heating of a tattoo or superficial conductive object is termed what? Non-ferrous material Anti-conductor Insulation Heat sink

Heat sink

Which of the following will reduce the SAR? Select all that apply. Decreasing TR Move from normal operating mode to first-level controlled operation mode Decrease flip angle Increasing flip angle Increase the receiving bandwidth

Decrease flip angle

What is another name for a parallel RF exposure? Circular polarized Quadrature Linear None of the choices

Linear

Which of the following are mechanisms of patient burning in MRI due to the RF transmitter? Select all that apply. The plastic coating on RF receiver coils Near field effects Electrical conductivity Resonant circuitry

Near field effects Electrical conductivity Resonant circuitry

When discussing the distance from an RF transmitter and the biological effects witnessed, which of the following describe the area where burns can occur in proximity closest to the transmitter? MR table Danger zone Patients abdomen Near field

Near field

Patient whole body heating is limited to what in first level controlled operating mode? 1 degree Celsius 2 degree Celsius 0.5 degree Celsius 3 degree Celsius

1 degree Celsius

Which of the following techniques can be used to increase the echo spacing? Select all that apply. Increase flip angle Decrease receiving bandwidth Increase field of view Increase receiving bandwidth Decrease the TR

Decrease receiving bandwidth

Which of the following are NOT true of the static magnetic field? Select all that apply. It contains magnetic flux lines that can travel through standard walls. Rotational force will cause the torquing of ferrous objects as they interact with magnetic flux lines. It has been known to cause pregnancy-related issues. It is the cause of magnetohydrodynamic effects only when the table is moving.

It has been known to cause pregnancy-related issues. It is the cause of magnetohydrodynamic effects only when the table is moving.

Magnetophosphenes can be described as what? Visually seeing flashing lights while moving around the MRI unit Iron in a patient’s blood that becomes magnetized When the room lights dim due to the changing magnetic fields Visualizing an elevated T wave on the cardiac cycle

Visually seeing flashing lights while moving around the MRI unit

An object that retains a magnetic field as it is removed from a strong magnetic field is called what? Ferromagnetic Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Superparamagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Blood flow in high static magnetic fields induces elevated voltages that contaminate the ECG signal which is recorded simultaneously during MRI scans for synchronization purposes. This is known as the ________________, it increases the amplitude of the T wave, thus hindering correct R peak detection. counterfeit effect teratogenesis magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect magentophosphene effect

magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect

Which of the following will demonstrate some level of translational force? Select all that apply. A titanium hip replacement Gadolinium contrast A steel aneurysm clip A silver heart stent

A steel aneurysm clip

It is important to describe the effects of translational and rotational force on magnets with different vectors. A ________ vector will produce a longer gradient of spatial magnetic fields along the longitudinal vector. A ________ vector, however, will produce a shorter gradient of the spatial magnetic field. horizontal, vertical diagonal, vertical diagonal, vertical vertical, horizontal

horizontal, vertical

Which of the following are true of the static magnetic field? Select all that apply. Titanium can demonstrate the Missile Effect in its presence. Implants that have ferrous components can cause harm to patients in their presence. It can easily be turned on and off with superconductive MRI units Translational force and rotational force can occur with ferrous objects in their presence.

Translational force and rotational force can occur with ferrous objects in their presence. Implants that have ferrous components can cause harm to patients in their presence.

During acquisition, it is noticed that the T wave of the cardiac cycle is elevated. What is this artifact is called? Excitation Magnetophosphenes Teratogenesis Magnetohydrodynamic effect

Magnetohydrodynamic effect

An object that produces a weak repulsive force in the presence of a strong magnetic field is called what? Diamagnetic Superparamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Diamagnetic

A ferrous object is not drawn to the pull of a magnet, it is the amount of electrons flowing through the object which pulls the ferrous object into the magnet it is the changing magnetic fields that pull the ferrous object into the magnet. it is the electrical induction due to Faraday’s Law which pulls the ferrous object into the magnet it is the increase in core temperature which pulls the ferrous object into the magnet

it is the changing magnetic fields that pull the ferrous object into the magnet.

As blood flows through a vessel when blood is pumped from the heart, currents can be induced. The degree of this is caused by? Fringe field Translational forces Magnetophosphenes Flow potential

Flow potential

An object that produces a weak attractive force in the presence of a strong magnetic field is called what? Superparamagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic

Paramagnetic

Which of the following are true of the static magnetic field? Select all that apply. Will magnetize the patient at isocenter. Will demonstrate some attractive force on all metals. MR Conditional implants will not be impacted by the magnetic field strength Will demonstrate a growing magnetic field on the approach to the MR unit.

Will magnetize the patient at isocenter. Will demonstrate a growing magnetic field on the approach to the MR unit.

What are the risks associated with translational force? Peripheral nerve stimulation Antenna effect Missile effect Proximity heating

Missile effect

What is teratogenesis? The development of cancers in tissues The development of congenital abnormalities in an embryo or fetus The ability and speed that a wound heals The process of hormones in a patient changing due to external forces

The development of congenital abnormalities in an embryo or fetus

The invisible fields that flow from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet are called? Magnetic flux lines Radiant fields Electrical current Voltages

Magnetic flux lines

Which of the following are considered biological effects of the static magnetic field? Translational forces All of the choices Rotational forces Magnetohydrodynamic effect

Magnetohydrodynamic effect

What are the risks associated with rotational force? Peripheral nerve stimulation Missile effect Antenna effect Torque on an implant

Torque on an implant

Which of the following are true of Lenz’s force? Select all that apply. Occurs because of the interaction between a ferrous object and the static magnetic field. Influences objects that are electrically conductive. Increases with the rate of motion through the static magnetic field. Influence on an object depends on the field strength.

Influences objects that are electrically conductive. Increases with the rate of motion through the static magnetic field. Influence on an object depends on the field strength.

What is nystagmus? Vision loss Experience different scents that are not really there Involuntary movement of the eyes from side to side Involuntary coughing and sneezing

Involuntary movement of the eyes from side to side

Which of the following are categories of a crime? Misdemeanor Infraction All of the choices Felony

Misdemeanor Infraction Felony

Which of the following are true of Zone III according to the ACR Manual on MRI Safety? Select all that apply. A key lock system is recommended Accessible by level 1 and 2 personnel Might cause harm to patient implants An area for patients to wait

Accessible by level 1 and 2 personnel A key lock system is recommended

What does this image represent?

MR Safe

A criminal case usually results in one of the following if the defendant is found guilty. Paying for damages Serving a sentence and/or paying a fine Serving a sentence Paying a fine

Serving a sentence and/or paying a fine

Which of the following considerations for pregnancy are found in MRI? I. Pregnant patients can be scanned in their first, second, and third trimester according to FDA, but it is recommended only in the second and third according to IEC 60601-2-33 document II. A pregnant MR technologist may enter zone IV, but not be present during acquisition III. Contrast media is safe to be delivered IV. Exposures to pregnant patients should be limited

I., II., IV.

What does this image represent?

MR Conditional

Which of the following is true of a tort in a legal case? It involves breaking a law. It involves damages to themselves. It involves damages to a person or a person’s property. It involves an unintentional event that involves emotional stress on another person.

It involves damages to a person or a person’s property.

The victim in a criminal case is referred to as? The victim The plaintiff The defendent The accused

The plaintiff

What does discovery mean in a court case? A way to get records on someone named in a case A new turn of events in a court case A process of sentencing a defendant All of the choices

A way to get records on someone named in a case

Which of the following is true of a crime in legal cases? It involves damages to themselves. It involves an unintentional event that involves emotional stress on another person. It involves breaking a law. It involves damages to a person or a person’s property.

It involves breaking a law.

A tort case results in which of the following if the defendant is found guilty? Serving a sentence None of the choices Paying a fine to the government Paying for damages

Paying for damages

Which of the following is a true statement according to the ACR Manual on MRI Safety? A level 1 personnel may scan a patient to relieve a level 2 personnel to go home. A level 1 or a level 2 personnel should be available within zone II to help an MRI technologist in case help is needed A pregnant patient may not undergo an MR exam. All level 2 personnel are MR technologists.

A level 1 or a level 2 personnel should be available within zone II to help an MRI technologist in case help is needed

What organization has produced the terms used in MR labeling (MR Safe, MR Conditional, etc.)? EPA OSHA ACR ASTM International

ASTM International

What does this image represent?

MR Unsafe

A patient has a questionable implant and both the MRSO and MRMD are unsure if it is safe. The MRSE is contacted and communicates that the risk is low. Who is responsible for the safety of the patient in this situation? MRMD MRSO MRSE

MRMD

A tester magnet should be how strong according to the ACR Manual on MRI Safety? Equal or greater than 500 gauss Equal or greater than 1000 gauss 1.5 Tesla Greater than 3000 gauss

Equal or greater than 1000 gauss

Sound level is limited by the International standard IEC 60601-2-33 to what dBA during acquisition? 120dBA 99dBA 60dBA 200dBA

99dBA

The accused in a criminal case is referred to as? The criminal The victim The defendant The plaintiff

The defendant

Which of the following is true of Zone IV according to the ACR Manual on MRI Safety? Select all that apply. This area should be monitored by a level 2 MR personnel Should be noted with signage Contain metal detectors for implant identification The MRI environment should be contained in this location

This area should be monitored by a level 2 MR personnel Should be noted with signage The MRI environment should be contained in this location

Which of the following are recommendations of the ACR Manual on MRI Safety? Select all that apply. All incidents or near incidents should be reported to the medical director within 1 business day. All MR sites need MRI policies and should be reviewed on an annual basis. Every site should have an MR medical director. The MR technologist has the right to administer an MR exam without an order.

All incidents or near incidents should be reported to the medical director within 1 business day. All MR sites need MRI policies and should be reviewed on an annual basis. Every site should have an MR medical director.