Rist

Question 1

___________ is the branch of biology that deals with relationships of organisms to one another and their physical surroundings.

Answer 1

ecology

Question 2

__________ is a complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space

Answer 2

ecosystem

Question 3

The following are examples of which ecosystem services?
nutrient cycling
soil production
global water cycle

Answer 3

supporting services (these are the foundation of ecosystem services)

Question 4

The following are examples of which ecosystem services?
food/pollination
fresh water
wood and fiber
fuel

Answer 4

provisioning services

Question 5

The following are examples of which ecosystem services?
climate regulation
flood regulation
disease regulation
water purification

Answer 5

regulating services

Question 6

The following are examples of which ecosystem services?
aesthetic
spiritual
educational
recreational

Answer 6

cultural services

Question 7

A healthy ecosystem is one that is __________, that is, it has the ability to maintain structure and function over time in the face of external stress.

Answer 7

sustainable

Question 8

___________ is the ability to meet current and future needs of ecosystem services

Answer 8

sustainability

Question 9

T/F: a healthy ecosystem is one that is sustainably productive

Answer 9

true

Question 10

How can we provide economic arguments for promoting sustainability and investing resources to maintain ecosystems?

Answer 10

by valuing ecosystem services

Question 11

T/F: biological communities that are RICH in species are substantially HEALTHIER and MORE productive than those depleted of species, therefore we can use biodiversity as an indicator of ecosystem health

Answer 11

true

Question 12

_______ is the global authority on species extinction risk.

Answer 12

IUCN

Question 13

T/F: species extinction rate is occuring at 10 to 100 times the natural rate.

Answer 13

false – 100 to 1000 times the natural rate… really bad :(

Question 14

Name 5 big threats to biodiversity

Answer 14

1. habitat change/loss
2. overexploitation
3. climate change
4. pollution
5. biological invasions

Question 15

T/F: threats to biodiversity occur over various time and spatial scales, and thus require action at levels ranging from local to international (overexploitation is more local level, whereas climate change is international)

Answer 15

true

Question 16

T/F: healthy ecosystems have social AND economic value, so it is critical to recognize that we can allocate resources to maintain them sustainably

Answer 16

true

Question 17

T/F: biodiversity is declining which indicates our ecosystems around the world are in trouble/not healthy/not sustainable/not productive

Answer 17

true

Question 18

What are the 2 main goals of livestock production systems?

Answer 18

1. produce enough safe and nutritious food to meet the needs of growing population
2. maintain economic productivity

Question 19

How do livestock production systems act as an intermediary and impact ecosystems, the human population, and resources?

Answer 19

Livestock production systems require services from the ecosystem in order to operate (land, water, crops/food)

They also GENERATE resources (food and manure)

Question 20

how does climate change impact livestock production?

Answer 20

1. different availability of livestock forage/feed (Some things are unable to grow some places d/t changes)
2. heat stress (change in water consumption, feed intake, production levels, and reproduction)
3. change in vector-borne disease patterns

Question 21

We want to develop livestock production systems that do what 3 things:

Answer 21

1. improve/maintain animal health and welfare
2. reduce impact of livestock on climate/ecosystems
3. mitigate impact of climate change/unhealthy ecosystems on livestock

Question 22

T/F: companion animals receive resources from our ecosystem (food), provide resources to our ecosystem (working dogs), experience the impact of unhealthy ecosystems (heartworm, algal bloom toxicity), and even sometimes negatively impact our ecosystem (free-roaming cats and horses, released exotic pets).

Answer 22

true

Question 23

T/F: sustainability in veterinary medicine is a vast field that has a plethora of knowledge for how we can practice veterinary medicine more sustainably.

Answer 23

false – this is an emerging field and we have tons more to contribute in the near future.

Question 24

Describe the MEDICAL approach to infectious disease
Hint: 3 questions to ask and answer

Answer 24

1. what are the symptoms?
2. what body systems are affected?
3. how severe is this disease?

this approach is important for diagnosis and treatment of disease

Question 25

The following describes which approach to infectious disease? "What is the cause of disease, who does it effect, where does transmission occur, and what patterns of disease do we see?" This is important in disease prevention and control within populations

Answer 25

epidemiologic

Question 26

The ecological approach to infectious disease is important for prediction of when and where disease will occur. What 2 questions are commonly asked with this approach?

Answer 26

1. why do the patterns of disease occur as they do? 2. what variables are important in influencing disease patterns?

Question 27

______________ is a set of biotic and abiotic conditions in the environment that define the limit of a species' ability to survive.

Answer 27

niche

Question 28

Overlap in time-space of niches determines what...

Answer 28

the dynamics of infectious diseases

Question 29

____________ is the study of underlying principles that influence spatial and temporal patterns of diseases

Answer 29

disease ecology

Question 30

Describe how a greater bird diversity leads to less spillover of WNV into human and equine populations.

Answer 30

Some bird species are more competent than others at maintaining WNV. Having a greater bird diversity would mean that mosquitos have MORE opportunity to bite NON-COMPETENT birds, which would lead to lower WNV transmission within the bird populations, and subsequently less amplification of the virus in mosquitos and lower spillover into human and equine population

Question 31

how do environmental conditions affect WNV transmission?

Answer 31

some environmental conditions SUPPORT faster repro rates or lengthen mosquito season, which impact their population size. When we favor large mosquito population size, this leads to a greater risk of infection in the human and equine populations (especially if other factors are already present such as competent bird hosts or naive human/eq populations)

Question 32

T/F: we can use ecology to predict disease patterns.

Answer 32

true

Question 33

An _______________ is a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously, but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

Answer 33

emerging infectious disease (EID)

Question 34

Why did infectious disease increase during/around the neolithic revolution?

Answer 34

populations began to become sedentary and agriculture and livestock domestication became prevalent, so disease emerged because people were surrounded by others and groups of animals were closer in proximity.

Question 35

Why did infectious disease increase during/around the industrial revolution (more recent)?

Answer 35

because massive increases in population occurred.

Question 36

T/F: emerging disease events are increasing and majority of them are caused by viral pathogens, most of which are zoonotic.

Answer 36

false -- they are increasing, however, most of them are caused by bacteria and most are zoonotic.

Question 37

________________ are the ecological, social, and economic conditions that facilitate disease emergence and transmission.

Answer 37

drivers of disease emergence

Question 38

Name 10 of the most important drivers of disease emergence

Answer 38

1. changes in land use and ag practices 2. changes in human demographics and society 3. poor population health 4. hospitals and medical procedures 5. pathogen evolution 6. contamination 7. international travel 8. failure of public health programs 9. international trade 10. climate change

Question 39

Fungal infections are most likely to be driven by...

Answer 39

poor population health

Question 40

Bacterial infections are most likely to be driven by what 2 things?

Answer 40

1. pathogen evolution (AMR, increased virulence) 2. contamination of food sources or water supply

Question 41

Changes in land use/ag practices and international travel are the drivers that most likely cause ...

Answer 41

virus emergence

Question 42

What is the biggest driver for zoonoses?

Answer 42

changes in land use and/or agriculture practices

Question 43

T/F: the largest human population growth is in tropical and low-income countries where there is a higher disease burden in livestock.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

Describe a demand-driven increase in consumption of animal products and how that impacts the way livestock are raised

Answer 44

higher income = higher demand higher demand = more intensive practices

Question 45

Intensification has what effect on the following things: 1. (increase or decrease) in endemic and epidemic diseases that are easier to control in intensive systems 2. (increase or decrease) in disease assoc. with crowding and environmental degradation 3. (increase of decrease) in food borne diseases that have little impact on animal host and are assoc. with poorly regulated intensification.

Answer 45

1. decrease 2. increase 3. increase

Question 46

________________ such as deforestation, infrastructure, urbanization, irrigation, etc. is an additional driver of livestock emerging infectious disease because there are increased livestock-wildlife interactions

Answer 46

anthropogenic land use

Question 47

T/F: human and animal movement is a huge driver of livestock emerging infectious diseases (highly pathogenic avian influenza and foreign animal diseases)

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The following describes which type of country/market? a. high-income b. developing market c. traditional small-holder system - intensifying and market-oriented production - presence of several major infectious diseases - endemic disease still common - increased drug resistance - variable regulation (vet service, infrastructure) - erosion of genetic resources assoc. with disease resistance

Answer 48

b. developing market high-income countries have intensive production, well-controlled endemic disease, increased drug resistance, expanded dist. of vector-borne dz, strong biosecurity regulations and vet services, and focus on quality, safety, and animal welfare.

Question 49

What are 3 reasons we are seeing an overall reduction in livestock infectious diseases?

Answer 49

1. more effective drugs and vaccines 2. improvement in diagnostic technologies 3. preventative medicine and herd/flock-based monitoring

Question 50

What was the significance of the nipah virus that was initially prevalent in pigs and people in malaysia in 1998, but was found in humans in Bangladesh and India in 2001?

Answer 50

It raised the question of how this disease was being transmitted (bats --> fruit --> pigs --> people) and how it got from one area to another (different migration routes d/t drought). 1 million pigs were culled as a result and this destroyed a billion-dollar industry

Question 51

What were the drivers for the nipah virus entering india and bangledesh?

Answer 51

1. there was movement from small-scale pig farming to more intensive production. More land was required and that created larger pig populations which allowed for disease to spread. 2. deforestation and drought --changed bat foraging patterns, putting infected bats in close proximity to growing malaysian pig industry

Question 52

how did humans influence the spread of canine influenza H3N2?

Answer 52

they took their dogs to dog shows it spread from GA and FL to other surrounding states

Question 53

T/F: Canine influenza virus is considered endemic in the US

Answer 53

true

Question 54

Why do we miss many pathogens when dogs are imported into the US?

Answer 54

we are focused mostly on rabies and screwworm and thus missing other pathogens OR pathogens are not being tracked by a surveillance program

Question 55

How do natural disasters and climate change affect disease emergence?

Answer 55

people move/relocate or are displaced after natural disasters and bring their pets with them (and their diseases too)

Question 56

how long did the SARS pandemic last?

Answer 56

november 2002-july 2003 (7 months total)

Question 57

Where did SARS originate? (the source)

Answer 57

civets in Guangdong so they were ordered to slaughter all in captivity and permanent ban was put on sale and consumption

Question 58

Where did MERS-CoV first emerge?

Answer 58

Saudi Arabia in 2012

Question 59

What was unique about the prevalence of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia?

Answer 59

A lot of the cases were in healthcare workers within saudi arabia, indicating that this infection was concentrated and nosocomial transmission was occurring

Question 60

What were the 3 transmission routes for MERS-CoV?

Answer 60

1. human-to-human (nosocomial/ in healthcare setting) 2. community acquired (humans;close-contact) 3. community acquired (from camels)

Question 61

why did multiple studies identify high rates of seropositivity in dromedary camels in the Arabian penninsula, but no HUMAN diagnosis of MERS-CoV?

Answer 61

perhaps the virus had lower propensity to infect human cells perhaps management is different perhaps the human population health is different (diff susceptibilities)

Question 62

T/F: there are 4 avian influenza virus types, many subtypes, lineages, clades, and subclades.

Answer 62

true

Question 63

What 2 avian influenza viruses are currently circulating among people?

Answer 63

Avian influenza A H1N1 Avian Influenza A H3N2

Question 64

What distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza from low pathogenic AI?

Answer 64

highly pathogenic AI has mortality of 90% within 24 hours with LPAI, poultry show no signs or mild illness

Question 65

If LPAI is not typically fatal for poultry, why are we so concerned about it?

Answer 65

because it has the potential to become HPAI through genetic mutation

Question 66

which one has potential to cause human infections -- HPAI or LPAI?

Answer 66

both! but the high and low pathogenicity does not have to do with humans, only poultry

Question 67

Why are live markets not good?

Answer 67

1. they allow for mixture of species so some species carrying certain diseases can transmit them 2. if the animals are not sold, they were brought home with the seller and then brought back -- this is increasing the potential for disease spread 3. at the market, lots of people come into contact with the animals being sold, so there is potential for animal to human transmission

Question 68

The ___________ assesses the potential pandemic risk posed by influenza A viruses that currently circulate in animals but not in humans.

Answer 68

CDC influenza risk assessment tool

Question 69

What is the current AI outbreak in the US?

Answer 69

highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

Question 70

What are the 3 potential outcomes of lyme disease in humans based on the different surface proteins?

Answer 70

early localized disease -- fever, headache, fatigue, erythema migrans early disseminated disease -- multiple skin lesions, cardiac arrhythmias, meningitis, headaches, muscle pain, facial paralysis, numb limbs late disseminated disease -- arthritis, mental fogginess, short term memory loss

Question 71

What is post-treatment lyme disease syndrome?

Answer 71

lingering symptoms of fatigue, pain, joint/muscle aches, cognitive dysfunction that can last for weeks to months to years. it occurs in 10-20% of lyme disease cases.

Question 72

what are the 2 MOST common effects of lyme disease in dogs?

Answer 72

renal and joint effects rare reports of cardiac effects dogs have no skin lesions, no hepatic effects, no neurological effects, and no post-treatment LD syndrome

Question 73

T/F: lyme disease is considered emerging with almost 500,000 humans diagnosed and treated per year costing 0.7-1.3 billion dollars a year.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

Seroprevalence of lyme in dogs is highest in what area of the US?

Answer 74

Northeast

Question 75

T/F: we can use environmental factors (forest coverage, surface water coverage, elevation, annual temp, and population density) to predict the seroprevalence of lyme disease

Answer 75

true

Question 76

T/F: habitat fragmentation decreases the seroprevalence of lyme disease because small mammals can no longer travel outside of their smaller habitats to transmit diseases.

Answer 76

false -- habitat fragmentation helps maintain lyme.