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HP Exam 1 > Pelzer -- Vaccinology > Flashcards

Pelzer -- Vaccinology Flashcards

1
Q

What must host resistance exceed in order for there to be NO disease present?

A

an agents virulence

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2
Q

What are 3 host variables that protect against disease?

A

natural resistance
passive immunity (colostrum)
acquired immunity (previous exp or vaccination)

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3
Q

If ____________ exceeds host resistance, disease will occur.

A

agent virulence

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4
Q

In what host circumstances would an agent exceed host resistance and cause disease? (2)

A
  1. loss of natural resistance (stress, presence of other agents)
  2. decreased amount of passive immunity
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5
Q

What agent variables aid in causing disease? (3)

A
  1. increased virulence
  2. low infectious dose
  3. increased # of agent in environment exceeding infectious dose
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6
Q

What are 2 major factors/criteria for use of a vaccination?

A
  1. safety
  2. efficacy
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7
Q

What are 5 questions you should ask when considering vaccine use?

A
  1. can the vaccine control the disease?
  2. do the risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits?
  3. how prevalent is the disease that you are trying to prevent?
  4. are there better ways to prevent the dz than vxn?
  5. is it easier to treat the dz if it should occur rather than vaccinate?
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8
Q

T/F: with regard to herd immunity, the individual may not be immune, but the herd itself is.

A

true

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9
Q

____________ are vaccines that protect against common dangerous diseases which if not vaccinated against lead to significant risk of disease or death. Examples include blackleg in cattle, distemper in dogs, and tetanus in horses.

A

essential vaccines

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10
Q

___________ are vaccines directed against diseases in which the risk associated with not vaccinating are low. Risk of the disease is based more so on “life style” of the animal and thus vaccination will be determined by the vet on basis of the risk to the patient. Examples include bordetella for dogs that are boarding or traveling.

A

optional

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11
Q

What is the goal of herd immunity?

A

to have enough immune animals within a population to decrease the propagation of the agent between individuals. If an agent cannot be propagated between individuals within a population, then it does NOT produce disease.

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12
Q

_____________ is a type of vaccine that is produced by attenuation of the organism (reduction of virulence). The anthrax and canine distemper vaccines are examples of this type of vaccine.

A

modified live vaccine

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13
Q

How do you attenuate an organism to reduce its virulence for modified live vaccine use?

A

adapt the organisms growth in unusual conditions, so they will lose their adaptation to the natural host.

anthrax – grow bacteria on various media or env conditions
CD – growth of virus on tissue cultures derived from various cell lines

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14
Q

Name the 7 advantages of modified live vaccines

A
  1. few inoculating doses are required for good immune response
  2. adjuvants are NOT necessary
  3. less chance of hypersensitivity
  4. induction of interferon
  5. cheap
  6. longer immunity
  7. stimulate both cellular and humoral response
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15
Q

Name the 6 disadvantages of modified live vaccines

A
  1. may revert back to pathogenic agent and induce disease
  2. should NOT be used in pregnant animals because of potential effects on fetus
  3. possible risk of contamination of vaccine with other agent
  4. immunosuppression
  5. handling of vaccine is important (mishandling can inactivate)
  6. disinfectant used to sterilize the syringe can kill the organism and render vaccine ineffective
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16
Q

A ___________ is a vaccine that contains killed bacteria (bacterin), toxin (toxoids), or killed virus. Examples of this type of vaccine are the erysipelas vaccine for pigs, the tetanus toxoid vaccine for horses, and the rabies vaccine.

A

inactivated vaccine

17
Q

The following are advantages of what type of vaccine?
1. stable in storage
2. safe – unlikely to cause disease, unlikely to contain contaminating organisms

A

inactivated vaccines

18
Q

The following are disadvantages of what type of vaccine?
1. need multiple doses to confirm immunity
2. immunity may be short lived
3. increased risk of anaphylaxis
4. more expensive
5. reaction to adjuvant (abscesses)
6. cellular immunity not as good as MLVs

A

inactivated vaccines

19
Q

Subunit vaccines are genetically engineered, genetically attenuated, or live recombinant organisms. Give a few examples of each type of subunit vaccine.

A

genetically engineered: FeLV, K99 E. coli vaccine
genetically attenuated: Pseudorabies vaccine
live recombinant org: rabies vaccine

20
Q

____________ vaccines:
provide local immunity within respiratory passages
may produce systemic immunity
reduce shedding of organism in carrier animals

A

intranasal

21
Q

_____________ vaccines:
are usually live vaccines
may be administered in water systems
provide local immunity to GI system
provide systemic immunity

A

oral

22
Q

_____________ administered vaccines can be given subcutaneously or intramuscularly and provide systemic immunity.

A

parenterally

23
Q

What parenteral vaccination site(s) is appropriate for intramuscular injection in the following species:
food animals
horse

A

FA – cervical muscles
Horse – cervical, pectoral, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

24
Q

What subcutaneous injection sites are appropriate for large animals? (3)

A

cervical area
axillary space (sheep, goat, pig <40 lb)
flank (pig < 40 lb)

25
Q

Where should a rabies vaccine be given in a dog?

A

right side

26
Q

where should a lepto vaccine be given to a dog?

A

left side

27
Q

Where should a rabies vaccine be given in a cat?

A

most distal aspect of right rear limb

28
Q

where should FeLV vaccine be given in a cat?

A

most distal aspect of left rear limb

29
Q

T/F: immunity should be acquired, either actively or passively, while the animal is at greatest risk for acquiring the specific disease

A

false – BEFORE the animal is at greatest risk

30
Q

E. coli and viral diarrhea in neonatal farm animals can be prevented by what timing of vaccination in the dam?

A

vaccinate dam 3-4 weeks prior to parturition (if primiparous, 3 and 6 weeks prior)

31
Q

If your goal is to obtain active immunity, what should the timing of your vaccination be in relation to the exposure event?

A

vaccinate 3 weeks prior to exposure event

32
Q

What are 3 circumstances in which you would want an animal to have active immunity?

A
  1. during increased times of exposure – season, congregation of animals (shows, market, boarding)
  2. during increased times of stress (feed and management changes)
  3. pregnancy – vaccinate prior to conception and before gestation (lepto and parvo)
33
Q

T/F: vaccine schedules are dependent on the vaccine and the length of immunity that is provided. Vaccines with short-lived responses will not need boosters, but vaccines with long-lived responses require boosters.

A

false – short lived responses require boosters (lepto and equine flu) and long-lived responses may require boosters but only every 2-3 years (rabies, orf)

34
Q

What is the general rule for vaccination schedule for large animal and small animals in order to override colostral immunity?

A

small animals –15 weeks of age
large animals – 6 months of age

35
Q

What is the typical interval between vaccine boosters?

A

2-3 weeks

36
Q

T/F: you should do MLV boosters within 1 week of the original vaccine

A

false – you should wait at LEAST 2 weeks or longer for MLV boosters.

37
Q

In what circumstances would an animal fail to respond to a vaccine?

A
  1. they have passive protection from colostral immunity (this blocks effects of vaccine)
  2. animal is immunocompromised
  3. biological variation
  4. inadequate vaccine (dose, out of date, incorrect storage)
38
Q

In what potential circumstances would an animal respond to a vaccine that was correctly administered?

A
  1. the vaccine was given too late and the animal was already infected prior to vaccine
  2. wrong strain or organism was used
  3. non-protective antigen was used
  4. overwhelming infection/toxin
39
Q

If you administered a vaccine and the animal fails to respond due to the administration technique, what 3 things could have occurred?

A
  1. inappropriate route of admin
  2. death of live vaccine
  3. vaccinate too early in life and they still have colostral immunity

HP Exam 1 (8 decks)

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