Pierson

Question 1

Disease ___________ is to decrease disease occurrence.

Answer 1

prevention

Question 2

What are the 4 factors influenced by disease?

Answer 2

1. Genetics
2. Environment
3. Nutrition
4. Immunity

Question 3

Introducing species or certain breeds that are disease resistant is an example of _________ influence on disease. For example, Bos indicus cattle are introduced because they are tick-resistant which will decrease babesiosis occurrence.

Answer 3

genetic

Question 4

___________ is the resistance to spread of contagious disease within a population if a high proportion are immune. This can be established by natural exposure, controlled exposures, or vaccination.

Answer 4

herd immunity

Question 5

What is the lag phase of the immune response?

Answer 5

This is the phase directly after the first exposure where no antibody is produced, but activated B cells are differentiating into plasma cells.

Question 6

What is the FIRST antibody to have rising levels during the primary immune response?

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

What is the SECOND antibody that rises during the primary immune response?

Answer 7

IgG

Question 8

The _______________ is the anamnestic response of the immune system that occurs after the second exposure/vaccine, where there is an immediate increase in IgG due to memory cells being present.

Answer 8

secondary immune response

Question 9

When vaccines are non-existent or poorly effective, what is a good option for obtaining immunity?

Answer 9

controlled exposure

Question 10

Some pathogens have clinical disease that is age-dependent and early exposure can avert the development of acute/severe/fatal disease. What are 2 examples of pathogens where controlled exposure at a specific time period could lead to developed immunity and protection?

Answer 10

Anaplasma marginale – inoculate young cattle with the pathogen and they will be subclinical.

Canine Herpesvirus – expose bitches to CHV before they become pregnant so that they develop immunity or mild clinical case and prevent abortion and fading puppy syndrome.

Question 11

T/F: once you begin a premunization program, you must continue

Answer 11

true

Question 12

Advantages of this vaccine type are:
1. mass administration
2. better immunization
3. better protection

Answer 12

live vaccines

Question 13

Name the 4 disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 13

1. short-term negative production effects
2. disease potential
3. roll-over effect
4. reversion to virulence

Question 14

Name the 4 advantages of killed/subunit vaccines

Answer 14

1. limited production effects
2. no disease potential
3. no roll-over effect
4. no chance for reversion

Question 15

Disadvantages of this vaccine type are:
1. administered individually
2. requires adjuvant
3. less immunogenic
4. less protective
5. requires booster

Answer 15

killed/subunit vaccines

Question 16

_____________ is when we medicate animals BEFORE exposure to a pathogen to provide protection of the individual and potentially the population.

Answer 16

pre-exposure prophylaxis

Question 17

What are 2 well known examples of pre-exposure prophylaxis in vet med?

Answer 17

1. antiparasitics – HW, intestinal parasites, flea, and tick prevention
2. prophylactic antibiotics

Question 18

What approach should be taken with nutrition to prevent disease?

Answer 18

least cost formulation – best ingredients for the lowest cost. if you buy the cheapest ingredients, you run the risk of creating additional problems.

Question 19

Stress is perceived as a threat to homeostasis and can lead to disease. What are examples of stressors?

Answer 19

1. thermal extremes
2. crowding
3. psychological perceptions
4. sounds
5. pollutants

Question 20

What responses does short term stress induce?

Answer 20

1. catecholamine response
2. corticosteroid response

Question 21

what responses are induced by long-term stress?

Answer 21

1. continued corticosteroid response
2. increased resistance to bacterial pathogens
3. increased resistance to parasitic pathogens
4. decreases resistance to viral pathogens
5. causes recrudescence of latent pathogens

Question 22

The key to excluding a pathogen is …

Answer 22

remembering how they spread
animal to animal, place to place

(feco-oral, aerosols, fomites, body fluids, direct contact, biological vectors, deliberate contamination, mechanical vectors)

Question 23

What are the most important ways to exclude pathogens and have strict biosecurity?

Answer 23

1. have closed herds/flocks/etc.
2. quarantine or isolate new animals (45d)
3. control biological and mechanical vectors
4. always utilize PPE and barrier protection
5. clean and disinfect – housing, bedding, equipment

Question 24

We can also keep disease from spreading by keeping it within herds. What are 5 ways we can survey animals to determine presence of disease that can help you determine which protocols you should implement in the future?

Answer 24

1. syndromic surveys (all)
2. serosurveys (eq and food animal)
3. pre-slaughter survey (food animal)
4. FSIS inspection (food animal)
5. post-slaughter survey

Question 25

Disease _________ is to limit or prevent disease spread

Answer 25

control

Question 26

How can we control scrapie?

Answer 26

destroy *genetically* susceptible sheep in affected flocks or those that posses scrapie-susceptible PrP alleles.

Question 27

We can control disease spread through providing immunity. What is ring vaccination and how does it prevent spread of disease?

Answer 27

ring vaccination prevents the spread of disease beyond infected zone due to host resistance Ex. FMD

Question 28

How can we utilize immunity to control shipping fever?

Answer 28

we can provide calves with colostrum and give pre- and post-weaning IBF, BVD, PI-3, and BRSV vaccinations

Question 29

how can we utilize immunity to control leptospirosis?

Answer 29

give doxycycline and lepto will drop below detectable levels. This will eliminate shedding and reduces the likelihood of spreading the disease to naive animals and people

Question 30

how can we utilize immunity to control coccidioisis?

Answer 30

add coccidiostats to poultry feed to limit the replication and allow time for immunity to develop

Question 31

How can we utilize nutrition to prevent trichomoniasis?

Answer 31

chlorinate the water so that you clear the trichomonas gallinae that was carried by pigeons and deposited in the water.

Question 32

How can we utilize nutrition to control diarrhea in shelter dogs?

Answer 32

give synbiotics (prebiotics + probiotics) at the time of admission

Question 33

How can we utilize immunity to control rabies?

Answer 33

vaccinate urban domestic species to create a buffer against the cross-over between sylvatic and urban rabies cycles

Question 34

What are the steps of containing a disease outbreak? (5)

Answer 34

1. inform the owner of your concerns 2. contact state vet or state lab while you are present on the premise 3. Advise owner of basic biosecurity measures 4. provide owner with general idea of how state/federal response will proceed 5. stay on the farm until the FADD/FADI arrives. wash and disinfect yourself, change, and rearrange your appts.

Question 35

What is the minimum information necessary for reporting? (6)

Answer 35

1. your name and contact info 2. owners name and contact info 3. location of premise 4. clinical signs / lesions observed 5. number and type of animals affected 6. number of animals in herd / flock

Question 36

What are the basic biosecurity measures that you should inform the owner of while attempting to contain a disease outbreak?

Answer 36

1. establish a single point of entry/exit 2. isolate all affected animals 3. stop movement of all animals on/off premise 4. limit other human/vehicle traffic on/off premise 5. limit contact with susc./non-affected animals 6. use coveralls and disinfectable boots 7. wash and disinfect equipment 8. shower, wash clothes, change shoes and clothes

Question 37

What are the 4 potential premises to consider when attempting to contain disease outbreak?

Answer 37

1. at-risk premise 2. contact premise 3. infected premise 4. suspect premise

Question 38

why do we rinse after applying disinfectant?

Answer 38

contact dermatitis

Question 39

Describe orange dot VTH infection control

Answer 39

Caution potentially contagious disease goal: prevent spread to other patients PPE requires: barrier gown, gloves

Question 40

Describe red dot VTH infection control

Answer 40

Suspect or confirmed highly contagious disease goal: prevent spread to other patients PPE: tyvek coveralls, plastic boots, mask, cap, eye protection, gloves

Question 41

T/F: Genetics may directly influence susceptibility or resistance (innate immunity)

Answer 41

true

Question 42

T/F: Gene expression cannot be altered by the environment or by diet.

Answer 42

false -- it can, this is called epigenetics

Question 43

Intense genetic selection produces uniformity in phenotype, but reduces ____________ by altering disease resistance.

Answer 43

survivability

Question 44

T/F: in the event of a disease outbreak, a portion of the population will survive and reproduce

Answer 44

true

Question 45

If an animal has been infected with a virus, what happens to the resource allocation?

Answer 45

increases for viral defense decreases most for performance, and also physical activity, bacterial defense, and maintenance

Question 46

When a animal gets a secondary bacterial infection, what is happening with resource allocation?

Answer 46

increases for bacterial defense decreases for physical activity, maintenance, and viral defense completely absent for performance

Question 47

What is the resource allocation for an animal that is moribund?

Answer 47

no resources are allocated to performance or physical activity. all resources (very little) are allocated towards maintenance and litter to bacterial and viral defenses.

Question 48

Describe how genetics, nutrition, and the environment play a role in cardiovascular disease in chickens.

Answer 48

We selected for bigger chickens by feeding them more. However, we did not select for bigger lung capacity, so now these larger chickens are developing CV disease as a result of our selection.

Question 49

Describe how genetics, the environment, and immunity play a role in babesiosis.

Answer 49

Bos indicus are more heat tolerant cattle that have developed resistance to babesiosis.

Question 50

T/F: optimal stress is necessary for health.

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Low stress (increases or decreases) susceptibility to bacterial and parasitic pathogens.

Answer 51

increases

Question 52

High stress (increases or decreases) susceptibility to viral pathogens and re-emergence of latent viral and bacterial pathogens

Answer 52

increases

Question 53

Social behaviors (domestication, dominance, submissiveness) and response to stress are both ________________ traits.

Answer 53

heritable