Pierson Flashcards
Disease ___________ is to decrease disease occurrence.
prevention
What are the 4 factors influenced by disease?
- Genetics
- Environment
- Nutrition
- Immunity
Introducing species or certain breeds that are disease resistant is an example of _________ influence on disease. For example, Bos indicus cattle are introduced because they are tick-resistant which will decrease babesiosis occurrence.
genetic
___________ is the resistance to spread of contagious disease within a population if a high proportion are immune. This can be established by natural exposure, controlled exposures, or vaccination.
herd immunity
What is the lag phase of the immune response?
This is the phase directly after the first exposure where no antibody is produced, but activated B cells are differentiating into plasma cells.
What is the FIRST antibody to have rising levels during the primary immune response?
IgM
What is the SECOND antibody that rises during the primary immune response?
IgG
The _______________ is the anamnestic response of the immune system that occurs after the second exposure/vaccine, where there is an immediate increase in IgG due to memory cells being present.
secondary immune response
When vaccines are non-existent or poorly effective, what is a good option for obtaining immunity?
controlled exposure
Some pathogens have clinical disease that is age-dependent and early exposure can avert the development of acute/severe/fatal disease. What are 2 examples of pathogens where controlled exposure at a specific time period could lead to developed immunity and protection?
Anaplasma marginale – inoculate young cattle with the pathogen and they will be subclinical.
Canine Herpesvirus – expose bitches to CHV before they become pregnant so that they develop immunity or mild clinical case and prevent abortion and fading puppy syndrome.
T/F: once you begin a premunization program, you must continue
true
Advantages of this vaccine type are:
1. mass administration
2. better immunization
3. better protection
live vaccines
Name the 4 disadvantages of live vaccines
- short-term negative production effects
- disease potential
- roll-over effect
- reversion to virulence
Name the 4 advantages of killed/subunit vaccines
- limited production effects
- no disease potential
- no roll-over effect
- no chance for reversion
Disadvantages of this vaccine type are:
1. administered individually
2. requires adjuvant
3. less immunogenic
4. less protective
5. requires booster
killed/subunit vaccines
_____________ is when we medicate animals BEFORE exposure to a pathogen to provide protection of the individual and potentially the population.
pre-exposure prophylaxis
What are 2 well known examples of pre-exposure prophylaxis in vet med?
- antiparasitics – HW, intestinal parasites, flea, and tick prevention
- prophylactic antibiotics
What approach should be taken with nutrition to prevent disease?
least cost formulation – best ingredients for the lowest cost. if you buy the cheapest ingredients, you run the risk of creating additional problems.
Stress is perceived as a threat to homeostasis and can lead to disease. What are examples of stressors?
- thermal extremes
- crowding
- psychological perceptions
- sounds
- pollutants
What responses does short term stress induce?
- catecholamine response
- corticosteroid response
what responses are induced by long-term stress?
- continued corticosteroid response
- increased resistance to bacterial pathogens
- increased resistance to parasitic pathogens
- decreases resistance to viral pathogens
- causes recrudescence of latent pathogens
The key to excluding a pathogen is …
remembering how they spread
animal to animal, place to place
(feco-oral, aerosols, fomites, body fluids, direct contact, biological vectors, deliberate contamination, mechanical vectors)
What are the most important ways to exclude pathogens and have strict biosecurity?
- have closed herds/flocks/etc.
- quarantine or isolate new animals (45d)
- control biological and mechanical vectors
- always utilize PPE and barrier protection
- clean and disinfect – housing, bedding, equipment
We can also keep disease from spreading by keeping it within herds. What are 5 ways we can survey animals to determine presence of disease that can help you determine which protocols you should implement in the future?
- syndromic surveys (all)
- serosurveys (eq and food animal)
- pre-slaughter survey (food animal)
- FSIS inspection (food animal)
- post-slaughter survey
Disease _________ is to limit or prevent disease spread
control
How can we control scrapie?
destroy genetically susceptible sheep in affected flocks or those that posses scrapie-susceptible PrP alleles.
We can control disease spread through providing immunity. What is ring vaccination and how does it prevent spread of disease?
ring vaccination prevents the spread of disease beyond infected zone due to host resistance
Ex. FMD
How can we utilize immunity to control shipping fever?
we can provide calves with colostrum and give pre- and post-weaning IBF, BVD, PI-3, and BRSV vaccinations
how can we utilize immunity to control leptospirosis?
give doxycycline and lepto will drop below detectable levels. This will eliminate shedding and reduces the likelihood of spreading the disease to naive animals and people
how can we utilize immunity to control coccidioisis?
add coccidiostats to poultry feed to limit the replication and allow time for immunity to develop
How can we utilize nutrition to prevent trichomoniasis?
chlorinate the water so that you clear the trichomonas gallinae that was carried by pigeons and deposited in the water.
How can we utilize nutrition to control diarrhea in shelter dogs?
give synbiotics (prebiotics + probiotics) at the time of admission
How can we utilize immunity to control rabies?
vaccinate urban domestic species to create a buffer against the cross-over between sylvatic and urban rabies cycles
What are the steps of containing a disease outbreak? (5)
- inform the owner of your concerns
- contact state vet or state lab while you are present on the premise
- Advise owner of basic biosecurity measures
- provide owner with general idea of how state/federal response will proceed
- stay on the farm until the FADD/FADI arrives. wash and disinfect yourself, change, and rearrange your appts.
What is the minimum information necessary for reporting? (6)
- your name and contact info
- owners name and contact info
- location of premise
- clinical signs / lesions observed
- number and type of animals affected
- number of animals in herd / flock
What are the basic biosecurity measures that you should inform the owner of while attempting to contain a disease outbreak?
- establish a single point of entry/exit
- isolate all affected animals
- stop movement of all animals on/off premise
- limit other human/vehicle traffic on/off premise
- limit contact with susc./non-affected animals
- use coveralls and disinfectable boots
- wash and disinfect equipment
- shower, wash clothes, change shoes and clothes
What are the 4 potential premises to consider when attempting to contain disease outbreak?
- at-risk premise
- contact premise
- infected premise
- suspect premise
why do we rinse after applying disinfectant?
contact dermatitis
Describe orange dot VTH infection control
Caution
potentially contagious disease
goal: prevent spread to other patients
PPE requires: barrier gown, gloves
Describe red dot VTH infection control
Suspect or confirmed highly contagious disease
goal: prevent spread to other patients
PPE: tyvek coveralls, plastic boots, mask, cap, eye protection, gloves
T/F: Genetics may directly influence susceptibility or resistance (innate immunity)
true
T/F: Gene expression cannot be altered by the environment or by diet.
false – it can, this is called epigenetics
Intense genetic selection produces uniformity in phenotype, but reduces ____________ by altering disease resistance.
survivability
T/F: in the event of a disease outbreak, a portion of the population will survive and reproduce
true
If an animal has been infected with a virus, what happens to the resource allocation?
increases for viral defense
decreases most for performance, and also physical activity, bacterial defense, and maintenance
When a animal gets a secondary bacterial infection, what is happening with resource allocation?
increases for bacterial defense
decreases for physical activity, maintenance, and viral defense
completely absent for performance
What is the resource allocation for an animal that is moribund?
no resources are allocated to performance or physical activity.
all resources (very little) are allocated towards maintenance and litter to bacterial and viral defenses.
Describe how genetics, nutrition, and the environment play a role in cardiovascular disease in chickens.
We selected for bigger chickens by feeding them more. However, we did not select for bigger lung capacity, so now these larger chickens are developing CV disease as a result of our selection.
Describe how genetics, the environment, and immunity play a role in babesiosis.
Bos indicus are more heat tolerant cattle that have developed resistance to babesiosis.
T/F: optimal stress is necessary for health.
true
Low stress (increases or decreases) susceptibility to bacterial and parasitic pathogens.
increases
High stress (increases or decreases) susceptibility to viral pathogens and re-emergence of latent viral and bacterial pathogens
increases
Social behaviors (domestication, dominance, submissiveness) and response to stress are both ________________ traits.
heritable
