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Rise of the Nazi party 1920-33 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the NSDAP founded and by who?

A

1919, Anton Drexler

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2
Q

When was the 25 Points Programme published? What did it do?

A

1920 - outlined Nazi ideology

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3
Q

What is the name of the NSDAP newspaper?

A

Volkischer Beobachter (People’s Observer)

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4
Q

When and what was the conference that established the Fuhrerprinzip?

A

Bamberg Conference, 1926

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5
Q

Which was the breakthrough election for the Nazis?

A

May 1928

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6
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

Oct 1929

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7
Q

When does Bruning become Chancellor?

A

March 1930

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8
Q

What happened in March 1932?

A

Hindenburg beats Hitler in presidential elections

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9
Q

Who replaces Bruning when he resigns as Chancellor, in what month and year does he resign?

A

May 1932, Von Papen

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10
Q

When does the NSDAP become the largest party in the Reichstag?

A

July 1932

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11
Q

Who replaces von Papen and when?

A

November 1932, von Schleicher

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12
Q

What happens in the November 1932 elections for the Nazi party?

A

Their vote goes down

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13
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

Feb 1933

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14
Q

What happens in the March 1933 elections?

A

NSDAP still the largest party but fail to win a majority - 44%

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15
Q

When was the enabling act passed? What was its effective significance?

A

March 1933 - destroyed the constitution

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16
Q

When was the law that banned Jews from the civil service, what was it called?

A

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (April 1933)

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17
Q

When were trade unions banned, what was created to replace them?

A

May 1933 - created German Labour Front (DAF)

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18
Q

When were all political parties other than the NSDAP banned?

A

July 1933

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19
Q

When was the concordat signed?

A

July 1933

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20
Q

When were the SA created?

A

1921

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21
Q

What was the main aim of the SA?

A

carry out political violence against communists or socialists

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22
Q

What attracted people to the Nazi party in the early years?

A

Its ‘catch all’ manifesto and radical nationalism

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23
Q

What was the outcome of the Munich Putsch (Nov 1923)?

A

17 dead and Hitler arrested

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24
Q

What was the significance of Hitler’s trial? When was it?

A

March 1924 = propaganda coup - tickets sold to watch trial

Gave them nationwide platform to spread beliefs

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25
Q

How many months did Hitler serve in prison?

A

9 months

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26
Q

When did Hitler write Mein Kampf?

A

1924 in prison

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27
Q

How did the Nazi party almost fade out in the mid 1920s?

Give an electoral statistic from Dec 1924

A

Hitler in prison, and NSDAP temporarily banned

only gained 3% of the vote

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28
Q

How was the party reorganised in the mid 1920s?

A

Into a centralised, bureaucratic entity, w/ an index of all members created

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29
Q

What was the significance of the Fuhrerprinzip?

A

Nazi movement obedient to Hitler - establishes his will as law

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30
Q

What did Hitler ensure all his actions were, after the Munich Putsch (Nov 1923)?

A

LEGAL

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31
Q

How did the Nazi party attempt to quell the SA, when? 2 points

A

1925

Von Pfeffer = new leader that implemented guidelines

Role = more mundane e.g. training and stewarding of rallies

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32
Q

When was the Hitler Youth and the Nazi Students’ Association founded?

A

1926

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33
Q

What happened at the 1927 Nuremberg Party Congress? 2 points

A

unsuitable Gauleiter replaced

Central bureaucracy further reorganised

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34
Q

What was the overall result in May 1928? in % and seats

A

2.6% and 12 seats

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35
Q

How is the overall result of May 1928 misleading?

A

Masks success in the agricultural north-west where they attracted a much higher percentage of the vote

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36
Q

When was the first Nazi professional body created? What was it?

A

Association of National Socialist Jurists, Oct 1928

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37
Q

When were Nazi professional bodies created for doctors, teachers, and students?

A

1929

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38
Q

What effect did the creation of Nazi professional bodies have on the movement?

A

allowed it to transform into a mass movement and spread propaganda at elections

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39
Q

What were the AA and when were they formed?

A

Agrarpolitischer Apparat (AA), 1930 - Nazi group that drew in peasantry

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40
Q

What did groups like AA do? 2 points

A

Infiltrated and dominated other important agrarian based orgs e.g. Reichslandsbund

Undertook propaganda activities

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41
Q

Give evidence from 1930 that the Nazis were popular w/ young people

A

1930 - more than 2/3s of the party’s members were under 40

42
Q

Why was electoral success in the 1930s important for the Nazi’s rise to power?

A

Without it, they wouldn’t have been able to challenge for power nor would the power have been offered to them

43
Q

Mid-1923 how many members did the Nazi party have?

A

55,000

44
Q

How did the campaign against the Young Plan (1929) / Freedom Law gain the Nazis national exposure? 2 points

A

Included respected national political figures of the right e.g. Franz Seldte of the Stahlhelm movement

Able to present themselves as a party of national significance

45
Q

How many party members and supported attended the Nuremberg rally (Aug 1929)?

A

200,000

46
Q

How did the Depression aid Nazi propaganda?

A

created the context and opportunity for Nazi propaganda to be readily absorbed

47
Q

Why was German industry hit particularly hard during the Depression?

A

Industrial growth in the 1920s had been funded by loans from the USA that were then withdrawn

48
Q

When was the SS formed?

A

1925

49
Q

How many people were unemployed in 1932?

A

6 mil

50
Q

In what year did the German economy collapse and why?

A

1931 - 5 major banks went bankrupt –> Germany drained of foreign capital

51
Q

How did the Depression affect voting habits?

A

Broke them –> people voting for those who offered radical solutions to economic problems

52
Q

Why was Bruning’s March 1930 gov a turning point?

A

First government based on presidential power (not parliamentary) = breakdown of democracy

53
Q

Significance of the Sept 1930 elections?

A

Triumph

go from having 12 seats –> 107

54
Q

What was the consequence of the Sept 1930 elections on Nazi party membership?

A

Sept-Dec 1930 nearly 100,000 new members join

55
Q

How did Bruning fail to deal w/ the economic crisis caused by the depression? 2 points

A

More concerned w/ removing reparations than unemployment

Scarred by hyperinflation (1923) to reinflate the economy and introduced austerity measures instead

56
Q

How can we see the decline in the Reichstag 1930-32 by looking at laws passed by the Reichstag and by Article 48

A

Laws passed by the Reichstag
1930 = 98 –> 1932 = 5

Laws passed by Article 48
1930 = 5 –> 1932 = 66

57
Q

What was the ‘Harzburg Front’? what did it aim to do? When did it fail?

A

Right-wing alliance including the Nazis

aimed to bring down Bruning’s gov

Failed oct 1931

58
Q

How many seats did the Nazis win in July 1932?

A

230

59
Q

How many seats did the Nazis win in Nov 1932?

A

196

60
Q

How many votes did Hitler and Hindenburg poll in the second presidential ballot? (April 1932)

A 
Hitler = 36.8%
Hindenburg = 53%
61
Q

What did the emergency decree of April 1932 do? Why?

A

Banned the SA and SS –> because of growing street violence

62
Q

How did von Schleicher want to use the Nazi movement?

A

Use mass movement to create a military dictatorship w/ populist backing

63
Q

When was the ban on the SA lifted? In time for what?

A

June 1932 –> in time for the Reichstag elections

64
Q

When did von Papen dismiss the Prussian SPD-dominated government? What did this signify?

A

July 1932 –> destruction of democratic system BEFORE Hitler became Chancellor

65
Q

What did von Papen’s dismissal of the Prussian SPD-dominated government in July 1932 set a precedent for?

A

a seizure of power under the pretence of legality (used article 48)

66
Q

How did von Schleicher and von Papen enhance the Nazis legitimacy?

A

Prepared to ignore the violence and illegality of Nazism so that they could exploit its mass support

67
Q

What kind of people formed the base of Nazi support?

A

Middle class –> those damaged by the economic stability

68
Q

Who did the Nazis fail to attract significant votes from? 3 groups

A

Industrial working class, unemployed, and catholic

69
Q

From 1930 onwards how was government characterised?

A

conducted by intrigue and deals

70
Q

What did Hitler insist on in his negotiations w/ Hindenburg and von Papen (Aug 1932)

A

That he wouldn’t accept any position other than Chancellor

71
Q

What was the outcome of the failed negotiations between Hitler and Von Papen? (aug 1932)

A

Reichstag dissolved on its first day (Sept 1932) as it lost a vote of no confidence 512:42

72
Q

By what % did the Nazi vote fall in the Nov 1932 elections?

A

-4%

73
Q

How is it demonstrated that, by 1933, elections were not the sole means by which power was gained?

A

Hitler appointed Chancellor when the Nazis were declining electorally

74
Q

What did von Schleicher attempt to do when he gained office in dec 1932?

A

Attempted to split the Nazi party –> offered Gregor Strasser the vice-chancellorship

75
Q

Why was Hindenburg eventually swayed into appointing Hitler Chancellor? 2 points

A

Wanted an authoritarian regime w/ base of support provided by Nazis

Believed Hitler would be controlled in a conservative-dominated cabinet

76
Q

How many nazis were in the new cabinet? who?

A

Hitler, Frick, and Goering

77
Q

What 2 main institutions stood as potential barriers to the Nazification of the political system?

A

civil service, press, Church, trade unions

78
Q

What 4 main things enabled the Nazis to effectively consolidate power?

A

Collaboration

Propaganda

Terror

Veneer of legality

79
Q

What was the name of KPD paramilitary wing?

A

Red Front Fighters’ League

80
Q

Name of the SPD paramilitary wing

A

Reichsbanner

81
Q

Why did the left not act when Hitler became Chancellor?

A

Believed his government wouldn’t last and there would be an inevitable economic and political collapse

82
Q

In feb 1933 what led to a wave of violence against communists and socialists?

A

appointment of 50,000 SA, SS, and Stahlhelm members as auxiliary policemen

83
Q

When did the police raid and ransack KPD HQ?

A

Feb 1933

84
Q

How did the Nazis weaken the communists and socialists? 2 points

A

shut down their newspapers

SA frequently disrupted their political meetings

85
Q

Why were the left unable to effectively oppose the Nazis?

A

Split between communists and socialists

86
Q

Significance of the Reichstag Fire?

A

Gave Nazis opportunity to crush communists and suspend parts of the constitution to begin seizure of power

87
Q

What was significant about clause 2 of the Reichstag Fire Decree?

A

allowed the cabinet to intervene in Lander (regional gov) –> only the president had this power before

88
Q

How did Nazi propaganda portray the Reichstag Fire Decree? How was it received?

A

necessary in the battle against communism?

widely welcomed

89
Q

By end of April 1933 how many political prisoners were in custody in Prussia?

A

25,000

90
Q

What % of the vote did the Nazis receive in the March 1933 elections? What did this mean?

A

43.9% –> didn’t have the 2/3rd majority needed to alter the constitution

91
Q

Who was barred from the REichstag during the March 1933 elections?

A

all KPD deputies

92
Q

What was the significance of Potsdam Day? (March 1933)

A

Hitler attempt to demonstrate to the establishment that he was moderate (through speech), respected the army, and was committed to traditional German values

93
Q

What law banned criticism of the regime?

A

the Malicious Practices Law (March 1933)

94
Q

What were the 3 main terms of the Enabling Act (March 1933)?

A

gov gave power to pass laws to cabinet

allowed gov to alter the constitution

granted Hitler 4 years as dictator

95
Q

What were the 2 main consequences of the Enabling Act? (March 1933) 2 points

A

Removed reichstag power

Killed the constitution

96
Q

What is the German word for the policy of coordination?

A

Gleichschaltung

97
Q

How did the Nazis coordinate political life under Nazi control? In regards to the Lander

A

Destroyed local state gov (dissolved March 31 1933)

Replaced w/ Reichsstatthalter (state governors) who had full powers to introduce Nazi policies

98
Q

Which law brought closer together the running of party and state?

A

Law to Ensure the Unity of Party and State (Dec 1933)

99
Q

In June 1933 what happened to the SPD and prominent socialists? 2 points

A

SPD officially banned and assets seized

3000 prominent socialists arrested and many killed

100
Q

By Jan 1934 how was the centralisation of the state complete? 2 points

A

abolition of the Reichsrat

Lander made subordinate to central gov

101
Q

Why did the Church pose a threat to nazi acquisition of power?

A

had large followings that couldn’t be intimidated out of their beliefs or attending church

102
Q

By the end of 1933 what had the Nazis achieved?

A

destruction of political opposition

ideological domination

History (8 decks)

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