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controversy: efficiency Flashcards

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1
Q

When does Germany leave the League of Nations?

A

Oct 1933

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2
Q

Which law (and when) gave local Nazi Officials more power?

A

Reich Local Government Law (1935)

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3
Q

German word for local nazi officials

A

Kreisleiter

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4
Q

When was the Stresa Front formed?

A

April 1935

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5
Q

When was the Anglo-German naval agreement?

A

June 1935

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6
Q

When were the Nuremberg Laws passed?

A

Sept 1935

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7
Q

When was Himmler appointed chief of german police?

What did this signify?

A

1936

An end to the battle for control of the police

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8
Q

When was the Hossbach Conference?

A

1937

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9
Q

When was the Anschluss?

A

1938

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10
Q

When were Jewish doctors forbidden from treating Ayran patients?

A

1938

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11
Q

When was the Sudetenland given to Germany?

A

Sept 1938

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12
Q

When was Kristalnacht?

A

Nov 1938

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13
Q

What office does Goering set up with Heydrich at its head in 1939?

A

Reich Office for Jewish Emigration

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14
Q

When does Germany invade the rest of Czechoslovakia?

A

March 1939

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15
Q

When is the Pact of Steel signed? With what country?

A

Pact of Steel w/ Italy 1939

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16
Q

When is the Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich formed?

A

Aug 1939

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17
Q

When do leading Gauleiter become Reich Defence Commissioners?

What is its significance?

A

Sept 1939

Assumed total control of their region

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18
Q

What do intentionalist historians believe? 2 things

A

Heart of the Nazi state = Hitler’s ideology, personality, and leadership

Hitler personally drove Germany towards war

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19
Q

Through what can we see Hitler’s ideological aims? 3 things

A

25 points programme (1920)

Mein Kampf (1924)

Speeches

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20
Q

Which historian argued that it was a monocratic state w/ Hitler making all essential political decisions?

A

Jackel

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21
Q

Why is the suggestion that ‘divide and rule’ was a deliberate policy wrong?

A

Competing power blocs more consequence of Hitler’s social darwinist values –> allowing structures to develop on their own

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22
Q

Give an example where more than 1 agency was given responsibility for the same area?

A

(Steatite) Ministry of Economics and (Goering) Office of the Four Year Plan (1936)

Office given control of production of raw materials and direction of labour force –> undermining Schacht

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23
Q

How did Goering undermine other ministries (other than economy)?

A

agriculture and labour –> appointed civil servants from those ministries to work in the office of the Four Year Plan

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24
Q

What was essential for Goering’s office to survive?

A

the support of the Fuhrer

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25
Q

Why is Funk replacing Schacht as Economics Minister a turning point in the radicalisation of the regime?

A

Funk = willing to subordinate the Economics Ministry to the Office of the Four Year Plan

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26
Q

Which 2 historians came up with the structuralist theory?

A

Broszat and Mommsen

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27
Q

Where does the structuralist theory place Hitler’s significance?

A

into the wider context of how other governmental structures developed and operated chaotically

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28
Q

What do the structuralist historians believe that this chaotic competition led to?

A

The radicalisation of policy

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29
Q

Give an example of a law that attempted to centralise the state, why didn’t it work?

A

Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich (1934)

Gauleiters had large local power bases –> refused to submit to Frick’s (minister of the interior) authority –> could still appeal directly to Hitler

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30
Q

How did the Reich Local Government Law (1935) give the local party leaders more power?

A

Gave them the right to choose local mayors

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31
Q

When were all state officials made directly responsible to Hitler?

A

1937

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32
Q

When was party membership made compulsory for civil servants?

A

1939

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33
Q

What power did Rudolf Hess gain in 1934?

A

power to supervise new laws

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34
Q

Why were power structures able to change and evolve?

A

poorly defined roles of agencies/individuals

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35
Q

What increasingly challenged the civil service/traditional state?

A

emergence of National Socialist agencies

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36
Q

On what 2 things is the level of influence of institutions based?

A

access to the Fuhrer and ability to interpret his will

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37
Q

From when did Hitler’s lifestyle change, what did it change to?

A

increasingly bohemian from 1935

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38
Q

Where did Hitler frequently stay?

A

Mountain retreat in Bavaria

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39
Q

What does Kershaw argue about the Gauleiter?

A

they were the “backbone” of Hitler’s power

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40
Q

The lack of what enhanced the Gauleiters’ power?

A

collective leadership –> making them omnipotent in their regions

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41
Q

How many Cabinet meetings did Hitler hold in 1933?

A

72

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42
Q

How many cabinet meetings did Hitler hold in 1938?

A

0

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43
Q

What 2 things distanced Hitler from the mundane details of government?

A

chaotic nature of dictatorship and Fuhrer myth

44
Q

give an example of how crucial decisions during peacetime were made by Hitler

A

Night of the Long Knives (1934) –> Hitler’s idea to act with such ruthlessness

(although supported by leading Nazis to get rid of Rohm’s competition)

45
Q

what was a Fuhrer order?

A

a verbal agreement, or nod of the head

46
Q

Give an example of Hitler giving contradictory/unclear orders

A

Nov 1935 meeting to discuss Jewish emigration

Hess = believed Hitler wanted the Jews to emigrate ASAP

Another = believed Hitler wanted Jews to remain so that they could act as hostages

47
Q

What were Hitler’s main 2 foreign policy aims?

A

Creation of Lebensraum

Destruction of Versailles settlement

48
Q

Which 2 foreign policies were an attempt to give off the appearance of moderation?

A

Four Power Pact (1933) –> sought to revise the Versailles treaty by diplomacy

1934 non aggression pact w/ Poland

49
Q

When did conscription and rearmament begin?

A

1935

50
Q

What was the Stresa Front (1935)? 3 things

A

Britian, France, and Italy condemnation of German rearmament

re-affired Franco-german border fixed at Versailles

defended Austria’s independence

51
Q

In 1935 what did Russia and France do?

A

allied against unprovoked aggression

52
Q

in 1935 what did Russia promise to which country?

A

Promised to defend Czechoslovakia

53
Q

What was the significance of the Anglo-german agreement/ what did it agree (1935)? 3 points

A

Germany allowed to build a fleet 35% the size of British Navy

Undermined the versailles treaty

broke the stresa front (1935)

54
Q

What was the outcome the the Saarland plebiscite? when was it?

A

1935 –> 95% in favour of reunification w/ Germany

55
Q

Why was the reunification w/ the Saarland a triumph? 3 points

A

symbolic triumph –> regain land taken by versailles treaty

economic triumph –> area rich in coal

Plebiscite held peacefully

56
Q

What country does Mussolini invade in 1935? What is its significance? 2 points

A

Abyssinia

weakened league of nations / destroyed anti-nazi alliance

57
Q

How did Hitler exploit Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia (1935)?

A

Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (1936) –> instructed troops to retreat at any sign of resistance (from French troops)

58
Q

By 1937 how large was the German army?

A

500,000 strong

59
Q

Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland a foreign policy success?

A

Germany had been banned from it in the treaty of versailles

60
Q

Give 2 examples of Germany forming key alliances w/ other countries

A

Berlin-Rome Axis (1936)

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) w/ Japan

61
Q

Why was the Anschluss so important to the fulfilment of Hitler’s goals?

A

Anschluss = key to expansion towards the east / prohibited by treaty of Versailles

62
Q

Who’s decision was it to annex Austria?

A

HITLER

63
Q

How did Hitler justify his demand that the Sudetenland be incorporated into the Reich?

A

3.5mil german speakers

claimed they were being discriminated against economically by majority of Czechs

64
Q

When was the seizure of Czechoslovakia?

A

1938-9

65
Q

Why did the seizure of Czechoslovakia risk european war?

A

Czech state guaranteed by Versailles treaty

66
Q

Why did Britain and France appease Germany during the Czech Crisis? (1938)

A

Russia = even bigger threat

67
Q

When was the Sudetenland seized?

A

Oct 1938

68
Q

When did Germany invade the rest of Czechoslovakia? what other countries did it incorporate into the Reich?

A

March 1939

Bohemia and Moravia

69
Q

What did the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) agree? 2 points

A

That Germany and Russia would partition Poland

Wouldn’t attack each other for 2 years

70
Q

Which 2 foreign ministers secured the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)?

A

von Ribbentrop and Molotov

71
Q

What did the Nazi-Soviet pact (1939) allow hitler to do?

A

Seize half of Poland w/o fighting a war on 2 fronts

72
Q

On what grounds did Hitler invade Poland? Which 3 areas did he demand the return of?

A

said that german speakers were being prosecuted –> demanded return of Silesia, the Polish Corridor, and Danzig

73
Q

When was war declared on Poland?

A

3 Sept 1939

74
Q

Which leading Nazi official advised against going to war in 1939?

A

Goering

75
Q

What was the coherent element that held Germany together?

A

ideological belief that was associated w/ Hitler

76
Q

What does Kershaw argue about Hitler’s role in the rise and exercise of Nazi power?

A

It was indispensable / he defined the reality of National Socialism in power

77
Q

How and why did the purpose of Nazi ideology change?

A

Acquisition of power 1933 –> ideology needed to consolidate power of Fuhrer = working towards the Fuhrer

78
Q

Which historian came up with the idea of cumulative radicalisation?

A

Mommsen

79
Q

Why did working towards the Fuhrer automatically mean adopting a radical position?

A

Hitler = one of the most radical

80
Q

What did Hitler’s hatred of everyday government create?

A

a power vacuum

81
Q

How does the idea of working towards the Fuhrer demonstrate that Hitler had a supreme role?

A

all those below him were competing to interpret his worldview –> enhanced his position as it took place below him

82
Q

How did this chaotic structure make opposition difficult from the elite?

A

FRAGMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM

83
Q

What was the cause of the April 1933 boycott of Jewish goods?

A

SA violence against Jews –> lawyers and judges attacked in a courthouse in Breslau

Which led to condemnation from the USA

84
Q

Who demanded there be a boycott of jewish goods in April 1933?

A

Nazi radicals e.g. Julius Streicher

85
Q

How did the April 1933 boycott of Jewish goods lead to a more radical response from the state? 2 things

A

led to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (April 1933) –> legislation that made discrimination/removal of Jews from public life legal

Jewish lawyers banned from practising (April 1933)

86
Q

What were the causes of the Nuremberg Laws (1935)? 3 points

A

Resurgence of agitation

1935 propaganda against Jews intensified (newspaper Der Angriff)

Grassroot Nazis wanting to implement Nazi revolution

87
Q

Why did Hitler pass the Nuremberg Laws 1935?
population
conservatives
radicals

A

Street violence of SA disliked by population

Conservatives preferred a ‘legal’ approach

Radicals wanted the issue of sexual relations between Jews and Aryans to be dealt with

88
Q

What did the Nuremberg Laws (1935) do? 2 points

A

Ban sexual and marital relations between Jews and Ayrans (Law for the Protection of German Blood)

all Jews lost German citizenship (Reich Citizenship Law)

89
Q

What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Laws (1935)? 2 points

A

ended localised attacks on Jews that undermined the regime’s credibility

discrimination = legal

90
Q

What does the origins of Kristallnacht (nov 1938) demonstrate? 2 points

A

Working towards the Fuhrer

How initiatives could arise from anywhere and in response to events

91
Q

Give an example of Hitler making clear his authorisation for a more radical anti-Semitic line

A

Nuremberg Rally (1937) –> attacked the threat of ‘Jewish Bolshevism’

92
Q

What was Goering’s long-term plan in economic affairs?

A

aryanise Jewish business

93
Q

With the Anschluss (1938) how many more Jews were incorporated into the Reich?

A

195,000

94
Q

Which anti-Semitic legislation does Rudolf Hess claim credit for? 2 things (same year)

A

1938

All Jews to adopt the names of Sarah and Israel

All Jewish passports to be stamped with a ‘J’

95
Q

Why was Kristallnacht (1938) initiated by Goebbels?

A

his influence had been compromised by his affair w/ a Czech actress

96
Q

What was the trigger for Kristallnacht (1938)?

A

Assassination of von Rath (German official) in Paris

97
Q

What was the damage done to businesses and synagogues on Kristallnacht (1938)?

A

8,000 businesses destroyed

1000s of synagogues destroyed

98
Q

On Kristallnacht (1938) how many Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps?

A

over 30,000

99
Q

What was the long-term impact of Kristallnacht (1938)?

A

Shifted focus of Jewish affairs to removing Jews altogether, not just from economic life

100
Q

What was the name of the euthanasia programme?

A

Aktion T4 (1939)

101
Q

Roughly how many children died from Aktoin T4?

A

90,000

102
Q

How does Aktion T4 demonstrate the chaotic state?

A

it took place outside of usual government agencies

103
Q

in 1933 how many people were detained?

A

between 150,000 - 200,000

104
Q

In 1935 how many people were convicted on high treason?

A

5,000

105
Q

Between 1936-39 what did numbers held in concentration camps rise to?

A

7,500 –> 21,000

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