controversy: efficiency Flashcards
When does Germany leave the League of Nations?
Oct 1933
Which law (and when) gave local Nazi Officials more power?
Reich Local Government Law (1935)
German word for local nazi officials
Kreisleiter
When was the Stresa Front formed?
April 1935
When was the Anglo-German naval agreement?
June 1935
When were the Nuremberg Laws passed?
Sept 1935
When was Himmler appointed chief of german police?
What did this signify?
1936
An end to the battle for control of the police
When was the Hossbach Conference?
1937
When was the Anschluss?
1938
When were Jewish doctors forbidden from treating Ayran patients?
1938
When was the Sudetenland given to Germany?
Sept 1938
When was Kristalnacht?
Nov 1938
What office does Goering set up with Heydrich at its head in 1939?
Reich Office for Jewish Emigration
When does Germany invade the rest of Czechoslovakia?
March 1939
When is the Pact of Steel signed? With what country?
Pact of Steel w/ Italy 1939
When is the Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich formed?
Aug 1939
When do leading Gauleiter become Reich Defence Commissioners?
What is its significance?
Sept 1939
Assumed total control of their region
What do intentionalist historians believe? 2 things
Heart of the Nazi state = Hitler’s ideology, personality, and leadership
Hitler personally drove Germany towards war
Through what can we see Hitler’s ideological aims? 3 things
25 points programme (1920)
Mein Kampf (1924)
Speeches
Which historian argued that it was a monocratic state w/ Hitler making all essential political decisions?
Jackel
Why is the suggestion that ‘divide and rule’ was a deliberate policy wrong?
Competing power blocs more consequence of Hitler’s social darwinist values –> allowing structures to develop on their own
Give an example where more than 1 agency was given responsibility for the same area?
(Steatite) Ministry of Economics and (Goering) Office of the Four Year Plan (1936)
Office given control of production of raw materials and direction of labour force –> undermining Schacht
How did Goering undermine other ministries (other than economy)?
agriculture and labour –> appointed civil servants from those ministries to work in the office of the Four Year Plan
What was essential for Goering’s office to survive?
the support of the Fuhrer
Why is Funk replacing Schacht as Economics Minister a turning point in the radicalisation of the regime?
Funk = willing to subordinate the Economics Ministry to the Office of the Four Year Plan
Which 2 historians came up with the structuralist theory?
Broszat and Mommsen
Where does the structuralist theory place Hitler’s significance?
into the wider context of how other governmental structures developed and operated chaotically
What do the structuralist historians believe that this chaotic competition led to?
The radicalisation of policy
Give an example of a law that attempted to centralise the state, why didn’t it work?
Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich (1934)
Gauleiters had large local power bases –> refused to submit to Frick’s (minister of the interior) authority –> could still appeal directly to Hitler
How did the Reich Local Government Law (1935) give the local party leaders more power?
Gave them the right to choose local mayors
When were all state officials made directly responsible to Hitler?
1937
When was party membership made compulsory for civil servants?
1939
What power did Rudolf Hess gain in 1934?
power to supervise new laws
Why were power structures able to change and evolve?
poorly defined roles of agencies/individuals
What increasingly challenged the civil service/traditional state?
emergence of National Socialist agencies
On what 2 things is the level of influence of institutions based?
access to the Fuhrer and ability to interpret his will
From when did Hitler’s lifestyle change, what did it change to?
increasingly bohemian from 1935
Where did Hitler frequently stay?
Mountain retreat in Bavaria
What does Kershaw argue about the Gauleiter?
they were the “backbone” of Hitler’s power
The lack of what enhanced the Gauleiters’ power?
collective leadership –> making them omnipotent in their regions
How many Cabinet meetings did Hitler hold in 1933?
72
How many cabinet meetings did Hitler hold in 1938?
0
What 2 things distanced Hitler from the mundane details of government?
chaotic nature of dictatorship and Fuhrer myth
give an example of how crucial decisions during peacetime were made by Hitler
Night of the Long Knives (1934) –> Hitler’s idea to act with such ruthlessness
(although supported by leading Nazis to get rid of Rohm’s competition)
what was a Fuhrer order?
a verbal agreement, or nod of the head
Give an example of Hitler giving contradictory/unclear orders
Nov 1935 meeting to discuss Jewish emigration
Hess = believed Hitler wanted the Jews to emigrate ASAP
Another = believed Hitler wanted Jews to remain so that they could act as hostages
What were Hitler’s main 2 foreign policy aims?
Creation of Lebensraum
Destruction of Versailles settlement
Which 2 foreign policies were an attempt to give off the appearance of moderation?
Four Power Pact (1933) –> sought to revise the Versailles treaty by diplomacy
1934 non aggression pact w/ Poland
When did conscription and rearmament begin?
1935
What was the Stresa Front (1935)? 3 things
Britian, France, and Italy condemnation of German rearmament
re-affired Franco-german border fixed at Versailles
defended Austria’s independence
In 1935 what did Russia and France do?
allied against unprovoked aggression
in 1935 what did Russia promise to which country?
Promised to defend Czechoslovakia
What was the significance of the Anglo-german agreement/ what did it agree (1935)? 3 points
Germany allowed to build a fleet 35% the size of British Navy
Undermined the versailles treaty
broke the stresa front (1935)
What was the outcome the the Saarland plebiscite? when was it?
1935 –> 95% in favour of reunification w/ Germany
Why was the reunification w/ the Saarland a triumph? 3 points
symbolic triumph –> regain land taken by versailles treaty
economic triumph –> area rich in coal
Plebiscite held peacefully
What country does Mussolini invade in 1935? What is its significance? 2 points
Abyssinia
weakened league of nations / destroyed anti-nazi alliance
How did Hitler exploit Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia (1935)?
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (1936) –> instructed troops to retreat at any sign of resistance (from French troops)
By 1937 how large was the German army?
500,000 strong
Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland a foreign policy success?
Germany had been banned from it in the treaty of versailles
Give 2 examples of Germany forming key alliances w/ other countries
Berlin-Rome Axis (1936)
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) w/ Japan
Why was the Anschluss so important to the fulfilment of Hitler’s goals?
Anschluss = key to expansion towards the east / prohibited by treaty of Versailles
Who’s decision was it to annex Austria?
HITLER
How did Hitler justify his demand that the Sudetenland be incorporated into the Reich?
3.5mil german speakers
claimed they were being discriminated against economically by majority of Czechs
When was the seizure of Czechoslovakia?
1938-9
Why did the seizure of Czechoslovakia risk european war?
Czech state guaranteed by Versailles treaty
Why did Britain and France appease Germany during the Czech Crisis? (1938)
Russia = even bigger threat
When was the Sudetenland seized?
Oct 1938
When did Germany invade the rest of Czechoslovakia? what other countries did it incorporate into the Reich?
March 1939
Bohemia and Moravia
What did the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) agree? 2 points
That Germany and Russia would partition Poland
Wouldn’t attack each other for 2 years
Which 2 foreign ministers secured the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)?
von Ribbentrop and Molotov
What did the Nazi-Soviet pact (1939) allow hitler to do?
Seize half of Poland w/o fighting a war on 2 fronts
On what grounds did Hitler invade Poland? Which 3 areas did he demand the return of?
said that german speakers were being prosecuted –> demanded return of Silesia, the Polish Corridor, and Danzig
When was war declared on Poland?
3 Sept 1939
Which leading Nazi official advised against going to war in 1939?
Goering
What was the coherent element that held Germany together?
ideological belief that was associated w/ Hitler
What does Kershaw argue about Hitler’s role in the rise and exercise of Nazi power?
It was indispensable / he defined the reality of National Socialism in power
How and why did the purpose of Nazi ideology change?
Acquisition of power 1933 –> ideology needed to consolidate power of Fuhrer = working towards the Fuhrer
Which historian came up with the idea of cumulative radicalisation?
Mommsen
Why did working towards the Fuhrer automatically mean adopting a radical position?
Hitler = one of the most radical
What did Hitler’s hatred of everyday government create?
a power vacuum
How does the idea of working towards the Fuhrer demonstrate that Hitler had a supreme role?
all those below him were competing to interpret his worldview –> enhanced his position as it took place below him
How did this chaotic structure make opposition difficult from the elite?
FRAGMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM
What was the cause of the April 1933 boycott of Jewish goods?
SA violence against Jews –> lawyers and judges attacked in a courthouse in Breslau
Which led to condemnation from the USA
Who demanded there be a boycott of jewish goods in April 1933?
Nazi radicals e.g. Julius Streicher
How did the April 1933 boycott of Jewish goods lead to a more radical response from the state? 2 things
led to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (April 1933) –> legislation that made discrimination/removal of Jews from public life legal
Jewish lawyers banned from practising (April 1933)
What were the causes of the Nuremberg Laws (1935)? 3 points
Resurgence of agitation
1935 propaganda against Jews intensified (newspaper Der Angriff)
Grassroot Nazis wanting to implement Nazi revolution
Why did Hitler pass the Nuremberg Laws 1935?
population
conservatives
radicals
Street violence of SA disliked by population
Conservatives preferred a ‘legal’ approach
Radicals wanted the issue of sexual relations between Jews and Aryans to be dealt with
What did the Nuremberg Laws (1935) do? 2 points
Ban sexual and marital relations between Jews and Ayrans (Law for the Protection of German Blood)
all Jews lost German citizenship (Reich Citizenship Law)
What was the outcome of the Nuremberg Laws (1935)? 2 points
ended localised attacks on Jews that undermined the regime’s credibility
discrimination = legal
What does the origins of Kristallnacht (nov 1938) demonstrate? 2 points
Working towards the Fuhrer
How initiatives could arise from anywhere and in response to events
Give an example of Hitler making clear his authorisation for a more radical anti-Semitic line
Nuremberg Rally (1937) –> attacked the threat of ‘Jewish Bolshevism’
What was Goering’s long-term plan in economic affairs?
aryanise Jewish business
With the Anschluss (1938) how many more Jews were incorporated into the Reich?
195,000
Which anti-Semitic legislation does Rudolf Hess claim credit for? 2 things (same year)
1938
All Jews to adopt the names of Sarah and Israel
All Jewish passports to be stamped with a ‘J’
Why was Kristallnacht (1938) initiated by Goebbels?
his influence had been compromised by his affair w/ a Czech actress
What was the trigger for Kristallnacht (1938)?
Assassination of von Rath (German official) in Paris
What was the damage done to businesses and synagogues on Kristallnacht (1938)?
8,000 businesses destroyed
1000s of synagogues destroyed
On Kristallnacht (1938) how many Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps?
over 30,000
What was the long-term impact of Kristallnacht (1938)?
Shifted focus of Jewish affairs to removing Jews altogether, not just from economic life
What was the name of the euthanasia programme?
Aktion T4 (1939)
Roughly how many children died from Aktoin T4?
90,000
How does Aktion T4 demonstrate the chaotic state?
it took place outside of usual government agencies
in 1933 how many people were detained?
between 150,000 - 200,000
In 1935 how many people were convicted on high treason?
5,000
Between 1936-39 what did numbers held in concentration camps rise to?
7,500 –> 21,000
