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History > Probs faced by Weimar 1919-23 > Flashcards

Probs faced by Weimar 1919-23 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Spartacist uprising?

A

Jan 1919

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2
Q

When was the National Assembly elected?

A

Jan 1919

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3
Q

When was the German Republic declared?

A

Nov 1918

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4
Q

When was the Soviet Republic declared in Bavaria

A

April 1919

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5
Q

When were the terms of Versailles accepted?

A

June 1919

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6
Q

When was the Weimar constitution adopted?

A

July 1919

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7
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

March 1920

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8
Q

When were the Weimar elections that see a fall in votes for Weimar Coalition

A

June 1920

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9
Q

When did Germany accept the reparations terms?

A

May 1921

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10
Q

When was Walther Rathenau assassinated? Who was he?

A

June 1922

Minister of Foreign Affairs

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11
Q

When was the invasion of the Ruhr? By which countries?

A

Jan 1923

France and Belgium

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12
Q

When does Stresemann become Chancellor?

A

Sept 1923

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13
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8-9 Nov 1923

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14
Q

When was the Rentenmark introduced?

A

Nov 1923

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15
Q

How was the socialist attitude to the Republic divided?

A

Some supported parliamentary democracy

Others saw it as a ‘bourgeois democracy’ –> rejected full collaboration w/ other parties

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16
Q

What was the policy of fulfilment?

A

Carry out the terms of Versailles to show how unjust and unworkable the conditions were

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17
Q

What was the stance of the German Democratic Party (DDP) on the Republic from 1919-33?

A

Initially fully supportive

from 1930 onwards it was less supportive

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18
Q

Who led the German People’s Party (DVP)?

What system of government did it wish for?

A

Stresemann

More autocratic

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19
Q

What was the German National Peoples Party’s (DNVP) stance on the Republic?

What system of government did it wish for?

A

Consistently hostile

Imperial REich and restoration of Kaiser

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20
Q

What was the Centre Party’s stance on the Republic?

A

Initially supportive of republic as barrier to communist revolution

Less supportive 1930 onwards

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21
Q

Communist party (KPD) stance on republic?

A

Hostile and wanted revolution

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22
Q

What was the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) stance on the republic?

A

extremely hostile

Condemned the ‘november criminals’

wanted the restructuring of society on racial grounds

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23
Q

In the National Assembly (Jan 1919) what % of the vote did the SPD win?

What was the % of voter turnout?

A

37.9% = SPD

85% voter turnout

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24
Q

What % of the vote did the Nationalist DNVP win in the National Assembly (Jan 1919)?

A

10.3%

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25
Q

What were the 4 main threats that challenged the regime?

A

Humiliation of Versailles

Elite challenged legitimacy of state and constitution

Revolutionary activity

Economic crisis

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26
Q

When did the Spartacists break away from the USPD?

A

Dec 1918

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27
Q

What was the Ebert-Gorener pact? When was it?

A

Nov 1918

Chancellor Ebert promised military supplies and protection of army status

Army promised to put down rev activity with force

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28
Q

What was the significance of the Ebert Gorener pact? (Nov 1918)

2 points

A

Saved Germany from widespread communist rev

Democratic republic using anti-democratic forces (army/freikorps) to restore order

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29
Q

What did the Spartacist Uprising achieve?

A

Seized newspaper offices and formed revolutionary committees

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30
Q

Why and how did the Spartacist uprising fail?

A

It was poorly planned

Easily crushed by the army and Freikorps
- Liebknecht and Luxemburg murdered

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31
Q

What and when was ‘Red Bavaria’?

A

Feb 1919 –> revolution triggered by Bavarian USPD leader

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32
Q

How did the Weimar government react to the declaration of the Bavarian Soviet Republic (April 1919)?

A

May 1919 sent 30,000 army and freikorps troops

800 known communists executed

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33
Q

Why was Red Bavaria a threat to the republic? (3 points)

A

The leader of the new Republic was seizing property of the wealthy, raising a Red Army, and was executing well known right-wingers

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34
Q

What was article 231 of Versailles?

A

‘War guilt’ clause that caused great resentment

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35
Q

Why was Germany essentially forced into signing the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Didn’t have the means to resist an Allied invasion

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36
Q

In what kind of state did the Versailles treaty leave Germany?

A

Humiliated but with the possibility of being strong again –> it was still a united nation

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37
Q

Why did the Allies not break Germany up in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Needed to limit the threat of Communist Russia

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38
Q

What symbolically important territory did Germany lose in the Versailles treaty?

A

West Prussia and Posen –> given to POLAND (great upset as majority of population = german speaking)

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39
Q

How much economically important territory did Germany lose in Versailles?

A

20% of coal production

15% of agricultural resources

40
Q

What happened to the Rhineland in the Treaty? 2 points

A

Demilitarised –> to act as a buffer between Germany and France

To be occupied for 15 years

41
Q

What happened to the Saar in the Treaty?

A

Placed under control of League of Nations

Coalfields controlled by France

42
Q

What was forbidden in the Treaty?

A

Anschluss

43
Q

Give 2 military terms of the Treaty

A

Army limited to 100,000 men

Navy limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, and 12 destroyers

44
Q

Give 1 war guilt reparation from before reparations were set

A

Germany forced to hand over all merchant ships of +1.6 tons

45
Q

What effect did Hindenburg and the ‘Stab in the Back’ myth have on politics? give example

A

Increased support for anti-republican right
DNVP vote 1919 = 10.3%
1920 = 14.9%

46
Q

What effect did the treaty have on the German people?

A

Psychological damage on the national consciousness

47
Q

How did Hindenburg perpetrate the stab in the back myth?

A

Gave evidence to the Investigation Committee of the National Assembly (Nov 1919) –> said the treaty shouldn’t have been signed and that it was the fault of the ‘november criminals’

48
Q

Who were the ‘november criminals’? What did they supposedly do?

A

Ebert, Muller, Erzberger etc..

Blamed for stab in the back of armed forces that led to military defeat in 1918

49
Q

How did the stab in the back myth help the army? 2 points

A

absolved the military of responsibility for its own failings

kept up the myth of invincibility

50
Q

What 2 main reasons led the government to sign the Treaty?

A

It was advised by the army

Little public support for further conflict

51
Q

How did the stab in the back myth shape German views on defeat?

A

Gave them an acceptable framework by which they could explain defeat

52
Q

What kind of state was the new Weimar republic?

A

parliamentary democracy –> Chancellor and cabinet needed majority support in the Reichstag

53
Q

How many regions was the country split up into?

A

18 regional states

54
Q

How often was the President elected?

A

every 7 years

55
Q

Why did the President have strong powers?

A

to counterbalance those held by central government –> to avoid a potential elected parliamentary dictatorship

56
Q

What was the upper house of Parliament called? what did it have the ability to do?

A

Reichsrat

power to delay laws

57
Q

How often was the Reichstag to be elected?

A

Every 4 years

58
Q

What system of voting did Germany have?

How many votes were needed to gain 1 seat?

A

Proportional representation

60,000 votes

59
Q

Who could vote?

A

Universal suffrage 20+

60
Q

What did the Bill of Rights do? give 4 examples

A

Enshrined certain freedoms and rights

Freedom of speech and association
Right to welfare provision
Ensured workers rights
Right to free press

61
Q

How did the constitution weaken the Republic? 2 points

A

Main features not widely accepted as they were too liberal

Constitution’s base = too narrow and unrepresentative

62
Q

What 3 parties created the constitution?

A

SPD, Centre, DDP

63
Q

Together what did the SPD, Centre, and DDP poll in the 1919 and 1928 elections?

A

1919 = 23.1mil

1928 = 14.3mil (next highest result)

64
Q

What is the argument against the constitution weakening the republic? 2 points

A

Problem was not in its DESIGN but MISUSE by the state’s opponents

Had checks and balances –> strengthened political system

65
Q

What was the significance of proportional representation on government?

A

Led to coalition governments –> virtually impossible to win majority –> political instability

66
Q

Between 1919-33 how many Weimar governments were there?

A

20

67
Q

What affect did proportional representation have on interests in government?

A

allowed sectional interested to continue to be represented

68
Q

Why did coalition governments fail so often? give example

A

Parties choosing not to operate w/ one another e.g. SPD leaders habit of opposition and inability to compromise

69
Q

How did the use of Article 48 change?

A

1930 onwards Hindenburg used it to legally undermine Weimar Democracy

1919-23 Ebert used it to overcome threats e.g. 1923 Munich Putsch - forced army to put it down

70
Q

Why was Germany broken up into federal states?

A

to prevent any one group/region from dominating the Republic like Prussia had done

71
Q

What effect did the complex relationship between regional parliaments (Lander) and central gov have on the new political system?

A

It reflected pre-1914 practice

To make the new Republic be seen as legitimate

72
Q

Outline of the Kapp Putsch (1920) 3 points

A

Freikorps seize government district of Berlin

Army refuses to intervene

Government flees to Dresden

73
Q

How was the Kapp Putsch (1920) overcome?

A

General Strike that paralysed Berlin

Lack of public support for Putsch

Kapp regime collapsed after 4 days

74
Q

What did the leaders of the Kapp Putsch want?

A

Rejection of Treaty and return of the Kaiser

75
Q

What was the significance of the Kapp Putsch (1920)?

3 points

A

Army’s reluctance to support Republic / dubious loyalty of Freikorps

Lack of support for Republic from judiciary –> only 1 army officer imprisoned

Republic reliance on unreliable forces to maintain order

76
Q

When was the Ruhr revolution?

A

March 1920

77
Q

What was the Ruhr revolution (1920)?

A

Workers in the Ruhr formed a ‘Red Army’ –> set up a government in Essen w/ the aim of setting up a Soviet State

78
Q

What was the government’s reaction to the Ruhr revolution (1920)?

A

Sent army and Freikorps to crush rebellion –> shot suspected revolutionaries on the spot

79
Q

How much of a threat were the revolutionary left?

A

Divided and weakened by lack of widespread support

MORE A PERCIEVED THREAT

80
Q

How did the fear of a communist revolution help the right?

A

Encouraged anti-Republican sentiment that the Republic was based on weak government and should be replaced

Deflected attention from the threat that the right posed

81
Q

What shift did the June 1920 election reveal?

What % of the vote did the Weimar coalition receive?

A

Polarisation and move away from Weimar parties

Weimar coalition = 44.6% –> majority of reichstag = hostile to Republic

82
Q

Between 1920-22 how many political murders were committed?

A

376

83
Q

Between 1920-22 how many of the political murders were committed by members of the RIGHT?

A

54/376

84
Q

What happened to Walther Rathenau’s assassin?

A

Given a short prison sentence

85
Q

How did the judiciary undermine the Republic?

A

misinterpretation of the constitution

lenient towards those who tried to destroy Republic –> Hitler sentenced 5 years for high treason

Failure of Law for the Protection of the Republic (1922) –> only unleashed its full potential against the LEFT

86
Q

How did the constitution allow the judiciary to undermine the Republic

A

Article 54 –> allowed the judiciary to maintain their independence

87
Q

How did the army threaten the Republic?

2 points w/ example

A

Only protected its own interests, not those of the state

-Only helped the state when it was also helping itself e.g. putting down attempted October Revolution (1923) in Saxony and Thuringia

Unreliable force used to maintain order

-Munich Putsch (1923) General von Seeckt initially refused to act and only did when Ebert forced his hand using article 48

88
Q

What were reparations set at in April 1921?

A

£6.6bil and 26% of the value of its exports

89
Q

What effect did reparations have economically?

A

Exacerbated problems of economic readjustment and debt after war

90
Q

What led to the growing financial crisis at the end of 1922? 1 main point 2 arrows

A

Lack of significant currency reform / balancing of budget

–> more money printed to cover debts

–> allies perceived this as deliberate sabotage of reparations

91
Q

How did the policy of passive resistance exacerbate hyperinflation?

A

Government still had to pay the workers and printed even more money to do so

92
Q

By Aug 1923 how many marks were in circulation?

A

663 billion marks

93
Q

How did hyperinflation affect people’s view of the Republic?

A

shook faith in republic

94
Q

How did hyperinflation affect the middle class?

A

Saw their savings destroyed

95
Q

How did hyperinflation affect the waged working class?

A

saw their income fall in real terms

96
Q

How was the budget balanced following hyperinflation?

A

700,000+ state employees fired

97
Q

What was the treaty of Rapallo, when was it signed?

A

1922 - treaty w/ USSR whereby both rejected reparations

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