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controversy: popularity Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the ministry that Goebbels headed called? When was it created

A

Reich Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda (March 1933)

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2
Q

When was the Women’s Front created, by who?

A

May 1933 - Robert Ley

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3
Q

What was the Editor’s Law and when was it passed?

A

Put an end to independent journalism / Called for ‘racially pure’ journalism - Oct, 1933

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4
Q

When was Beauty of Labour(SdA), and Strength through Joy (Kdf) created?

A

Nov 1933

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5
Q

When was the plebiscite to conform one-party rule? what was its result

A

Nov 1933 - 88%

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6
Q

When was the Marburg Speech?

A

June 1934

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7
Q

When was the night of the long knives?

A

June 1934

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8
Q

What was the law called that justified the actions in the night of the long knives?

A

Law Concerning Measures for the Defence of the State - June, 1934

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9
Q

When does Hindenburg die

A

Aug 1934

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10
Q

When does Schacht introduce his ‘New Plan’

A

Sept 1934

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11
Q

When does rearmament begin publicly?

A

March 1935

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12
Q

In June 1936 what is Himmler placed in control of?

A

All policing in Germany

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13
Q

When is Goering placed in charge of the office of the Four Year Plan?

A

Oct 1936

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14
Q

When does Schacht resign as Minister of Economics?

A

Nov 1937

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15
Q

When was the Blomberg-Fritsch affair?

A

1938

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16
Q

When is membership to the Hitler Youth made compulsory?

A

March 1939

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17
Q

When was the Reich Security Head office (RSHA) founded?

A

Sept 1939

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18
Q

What factor explains why so many non-Nazi groups were initially WILLING to fall in line w/ regime?

A

Perceived communist threat –> anything preferable to communist rule

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19
Q

In what speech did Hitler make clear his intentions to destroy the ‘Marxist threat’?

A

10 Feb 1933 - Berlin Sports Palace

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20
Q

How did the Reichstag Fire Decree (Feb 1933) crush opposition? 2 points

A

Suspended civil liberties –> established platform for dictatorship

Destroyed power of local parliaments via clause 2

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21
Q

How did the Enabling Act (April 1933) and Potsdam Day (March 1933) make opposition harder to justify?

A

Underlined the legitimacy of the regime

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22
Q

Between Jan-May 1933 how many joined the Nazi party? What was the main motive?

A

1.6mil - career advancement / fear

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23
Q

How did business fall into line w/ the Nazi regime?

A

disbanded own institutions and created the Reich Corporation of German Industry –> pledged its loyalty to the regime

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24
Q

What did the creation Nazi organisations attempt to ensure? 2 points

A

elimination of rival organisations and dissent

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25
Q

When were lawyers coordinated into a Nazi organisation, what was it called?

How was this received?

A

Nazi Lawyers Association (1933)

No protest

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26
Q

What was the means by which the Volksgemeinschaft would be created?

A

Propaganda

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27
Q

By the end of 1933 what had Goebbels achieved?

A

complete control over all forms of the media

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28
Q

how far had the regime secured power by end of 1933? in regards to the church?

A

Compromised by the Concordat but remained independent

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29
Q

how far had the regime secured power by end of 1933? in regards to the army?

A

Army stood outside policy of coordination and swore oath of loyalty to Hindenburg

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30
Q

how far had the regime secured power by end of 1933? in regards to politics?

A

Destroyed nearly all political opposition –> ban and persecution of SPD, KPD, and trade unions

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31
Q

how far had the regime secured power by end of 1933? in regards to ideology?

A

They were now the dominant ideology

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32
Q

Why were there tensions between the army and state? 2 points

A

Aristocratic generals disliked Hitler

Felt threatened by the increasing influence of the SS

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33
Q

What were the tensions between the Party and the SA?

A

Hitler called for end of revolution July 1933

Rohm agitated for a second revolution

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34
Q

How did Rohm challenge Hitler’s leadership and when?

A

June 1933 - Rohm newspaper article threatening that the revolution would continue with or without the support of the establishment

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35
Q

How many members did the Nazis have in 1934?

A

2.5mil+

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36
Q

What did Rohm aim to turn the SA into?

A

a militia

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37
Q

What did Rohm demand from Blomberg and when?

A

Feb 1934 - demanded that the SA take over national defence

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38
Q

When was the Security Service (SD) and SS formed? By who?

A

1931 - Heydrich

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39
Q

What did Heydrich’s ambitions to turn the SS into the most powerful Nazi org rely on?

A

destruction of SA power

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40
Q

How did Rohm make enemies with Rudolf Hess?

A

contempt for party organisation (hess = Fuhrer’s deputy)

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41
Q

How did Rohm upset Goering?

A

SA excesses in Prussia

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42
Q

Why was opposition of conservative elites limited?

A

their complicity in the regimes seizure and consolidation of power –> they worked towards the Fuhrer

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43
Q

What was the significance of the Marburg Speech? (June 1934)

A

most direct challenge to the regime thus far –> potentially a rallying call to the army to act

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44
Q

Who delivered the Marburg Speech? (June 1934)

A

Von Papen

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45
Q

Who wrote the Marburg Speech? (june 1934)

A

Jung

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46
Q

What did the Marburg Speech (June 1934) clarify for Hitler?

A

the levels of discontent felt in conservative circles

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47
Q

in 1934 why did Hitler need the collaboration of the establishment?

A

To continue economic growth –> to effectively consolidate power

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48
Q

Other than an attack on the SA, what else did the night of the long knives attempt to ensure? (june 1934)

A

That were would be no conservative attempt to prevent Hitler succeeding Hindenburg as President

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49
Q

Who fed Hitler rumours of an SA plot which then led to the night of the long knives? (june 1934)

A

Himmler

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50
Q

How many appox were killed during the night of the long knives?

A

200

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51
Q

How did the night of the long knives change the relationship between Hitler and the army?

A

Helped Hitler purge his party –> army leaders tied themselves closer to the regime

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52
Q

What were the results of the plebiscite confirming Hitler as Fuhrer?

A

89.9% in favour

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53
Q

Which 2 army generals proposed that the army swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler?

A

Blomberg and Reichenau

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54
Q

What was the army’s oath of loyalty to Hitler an attempt to achieve?

What was its actual effect

A

attempt to establish influence over Hitler

Tied the army closer to Hitler’s ambitions

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55
Q

What was the aim of the use of terror?

A

to reinforce consensus

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56
Q

When is Himmler put in charge of the Bavarian police?

A

April 1933

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57
Q

When was Himmler appointed ‘Inspector of the Gestapo’?

A

April 1934

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58
Q

What was created and when to exploit concentration camp labour?

A

German Quarrying Compant (DEST), 1938

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59
Q

What was the aim of the SD and Gestapo?

A

eliminate all opposition

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60
Q

What was the significance of the creation of the REich Security Head Office (RSHA) in 1939?

A

Goering in charge of all security and police orgs through a centralised system

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61
Q

Which historian challenges the idea of an all pervasive terror state?

A

Gallately

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62
Q

How many Gestapo officers were there before 1939?

A

5,000

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63
Q

Give evidence that the Gestapo was short staffed in some cities
city, year, number

A

Hanover (1935) - 42 officers

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64
Q

Give evidence that the informer network was not extensive

city, year, number

A

Saarbrucken (1939) - 50 informers

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65
Q

Give evidence that the gestapo prosecutions were mostly the result of informants than investigations carried out by the Gestapo

A

Saarbrucken 8% of cases were the result of activities carried out by Gestapo

87.5% of cases of ‘slander against the regime’ were a result of denunciations

66
Q

Which historian came up with the idea of resistenz?

A

Borsht study 1970s

67
Q

What affect does Broszat argue that Resistenz had on the regime?

A

limited the impact of the regime (propaganda)

68
Q

What was resistenz?

A

dissent and non-conformity (wearing makeup, listening to jazz)

69
Q

Which historians coined the term loyal reluctance?

A

Mallmann and Paul

70
Q

What does the idea of loyal reluctance argue about resistenz?

A

that indifference, non-conformity, or complaining did not challenge the consensus or mean disloyalty to the regime

71
Q

Give the loyal reluctance argument on the fact that women wore make up

A

Women continued to wear makeup because they wanted to look good, not to dissent

72
Q

What does loyal reluctance argue about discontent?

A

discontent was based on day-to-day economic issues e.g. in the Ruhr poor working conditions and housing

73
Q

Why did some workers become disillusioned? 3 points

A

wages stagnated, regimentation increased, longer working hours introduced

74
Q

Give a statistic that highlights industrial working class disillusion 1936-39

A

Industrial accidents, illness, and absenteeism doubled between 1936-39

75
Q

Give 3 facts that demonstrate that communist opposition did not completely disappear

hint:
leaflets
gestapo
newspaper

A

1934 - authorities seized 1.25mil communist leaflets

Gestapo figures = 5,000 active communists in Berlin (1935)

‘Red Flag’ communist newspaper still distributed up to 1935

76
Q

What does lack of OVERT opposition NOT suggest?

A

real enthusiasm for regime

77
Q

What did a SOPADE report in 1938 find?

A

workers afraid to say too much for fear of denunciation

78
Q

What did a SOPADE report of 1936 find?

A

abolition of collective bargaining destroyed worker solidarity

79
Q

What kind of workers supported the regime? 2 points

A

skilled workers / those w/ little trade union tradition

80
Q

Which 3 main things enabled the Nazis to gain/galvanise the support of the working class

A

foreign policy successes

economic recovery

state paternalism

81
Q

What did Goebbels’ propaganda directly link Hitler to? What was its effect?

A

Linked Hitler to the perceived successes of the regime

To challenge regime –> would challenge successes

82
Q

How did Goebbels use Hitler in propaganda, to what effect?

A

used Hitler sparingly, to maintain his god-like mystique

83
Q

Give 2 examples of how cinema was used to propagate the Hitler myth

A

Triumph of the Will (1935) –> used camera placed within audience of Nuremberg rally

Olympia (1938)

84
Q

Who was Hitler’s favourite director?

A

Leni Reifenstahl

85
Q

How many copies an edition did the Volkischer Beobachter sell?

A

2 million

86
Q

Which agency monitored all news material?

A

State press agency (DNB)

87
Q

by 1939 to how many Germans could the regime broadcast to via radio?

A

16mil

88
Q

Name 2 things that were broadcasted through communal loudspeaker pillars

A

Hitler’s speeches, classical music

89
Q

How was the 1936 Olympic games propaganda?

A

created an atmosphere of political stability and growing prosperity –> impressed thousands of foreign visitors

90
Q

How did the 1936 olympic games demonstrate Hitler’s extensive influence?

A

Anti-Semitic programme suspended and anti-Semitic violence stopped at his request

91
Q

How did propaganda normalise Nazi ideas and symbols?

2 points w/ examples

A

Holy days –> commemorating seizure of power and Munich Putsch - common/marginalised christian practises

Annual stage-managed event - Nuremberg rallies

92
Q

Which law extended and created work schemes?

give an example of what it did

A

Law to Reduce Unemployment (1933)

Building of autobahns

93
Q

What did the ‘battle for work’ do?

A

lent money to private companies to create jobs

94
Q

How much money did the state invest into job creation schemes between 1932-35?

A

5bil reichsmarchs

95
Q

When was the Battle for Production and what did it aim to do?

A

1934/5 –> attempt to increase grain production

96
Q

Name a law that attempted to improve the situation of the peasantry and how

A

The Reich Entailed Farm Law (1933) –> attempted to enhance security of peasant ownership of land

97
Q

what organisation took control of overall planning and organisation of agriculture and when?

A

The Reich Food Estate (1933)

98
Q

Why was the Battle for Production (1934/5) unsuccessful? 3 things

A

lack of new machinery, labour, and poor harvests

99
Q

When was conscription reintroduced? How did this affect unemployment figures?

A

1935

Reduced unemployment figures

100
Q

Name 3 things that Schacht introduced that aided economic recovery

A

1934 ‘New Plan’ - gave gov powers to regulate trade and currency transactions

1934 - bilateral trade agreements w/ South America, and south-east europe –> paid for goods in Reichsmarks

1934 - Mefo Bills –> encouraged growth in demand

101
Q

What was the significance of Schacht on Nazi regime?

A

conservative influence that slowed the radicalisation of Nazi racial policy for fear of an international backlash

102
Q

Why did Schacht’s influence diminish from when?

A

1936 - Goering’s increased –> office of four year plan and more influence in economic affairs

103
Q

Give a specific example of Schacht’s influence on limiting anti-Semitic policy

A

April 1933 boycott of Jewish goods limited to 1 day

104
Q

In 1933 what % of the population was unemployed?

A

25.9%

105
Q

In 1936 what % of the population was unemployed?

A

7.4%

106
Q

Why must unemployment figures be taken with caution?

A

women, jews, and political opponents not included

107
Q

How could workers potentially challenge the regime and its plans for rearmament?

A

excessive wage demands

108
Q

What were set up in factories with the purpose of spreading propaganda in the workplace?

A

Radical Nazi organisations (NSBOs)

109
Q

How did the regime attempt to compensate for loss of political rights and wage freezes?

A

state paternalism

110
Q

What was the aim of Beauty of Labour (SdA) (1933)?

A

persuade employers to improve working conditions

111
Q

What was the aim of Strength through Joy (KdF) (1933)?

A

reward loyal workers with evening classes, holidays, art exhibitions etc

112
Q

By 1938 how many workers had been on a KDF sponsored cruise?

A

180,000

113
Q

By 1938 how many workers had been on a state financed holiday?

A

10mil (1/3 of workforce)

114
Q

What was the propaganda aim of Winterhilfe, how?

A

spread Nazi idea of classless society (volksgemeinschaft) via one-pot meals where bankers and workers sat side by side

115
Q

What were days of National Solidarity?

A

leading party members would collect money on behalf of the party –> generous contribution = working towards the Fuhrer

116
Q

What did the propaganda items of the ‘people’s radio’ and ‘people’s car’ aim to do?

A

create classless society where the working class could gain what was previously reserved solely for the middle and upper classes

117
Q

Why were there still tensions between the Party and the Army in 1937?

A

army threatened over the growth and militarisation of the SS

118
Q

What was the conference when Fritsch and Blomberg were sceptical about Hitler’s military plans? When was it

A

Hossbach conference (1937)

119
Q

What was Fritsch accused of having done?

A

Married an ex-prostitute

120
Q

When was the Blomberg-Fritsch affair?

A

1938

121
Q

What was Blomberg accused of having done?

A

Had gay relations

122
Q

What did the Blomberg-Fritsch affair (1938) allow Hitler to do? what did this mean

A

Restructure the army leadership and take personal control of the army –> free reign to wage war

123
Q

How did Hitler gain complete control of the army (feb 1938)?

A

removed those who he did not consider completely loyal

including 12 generals

124
Q

When did Hitler hold his last ever cabinet meeting?

A

Feb 1938

125
Q

When was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

A

1936

126
Q

When was the Anschluss?

A

March 1938

127
Q

When was the Czech crisis?

A

Sept 1938

128
Q

What was the Czech crisis?

A

Germany demanded union w/ the Sudetenland –> it was peacefully surrendered at the Munich conference by Britain and France

129
Q

What was the plot against Hitler in 1938?

Why did it fail?

A

Generals Beck and Halder plan to oust Hitler before troops could be mobilised to occupy the Sudetenland

Hesitation and uncertainty over oath of loyalty

130
Q

Who was the leading figure in the conservative resistance?

A

Carl Goerdeler

131
Q

What did the cooperation of the Church give to the Nazi regime?

A

degree of moral respectability

132
Q

Which group formed the bedrock of Nazi electoral support?

A

protestant mittelstand

133
Q

How was the protestant church in some ways Nazified? 2 examples

A

1933 28 protestant churches coordinated into a single Reich Church

1933 –> 700,000 members of protestant youth groups incorporated into the Hitler Youth

134
Q

What was the extent of protestant opposition?

How effective was it?

A

Creation of the Confessional Church (1934) –> riddled by bitter divisions / only opposed to the regime’s attempt to destroy its independence, not ideology

135
Q

Which ministry intimidated Christians and when was it created?

A

Ministry of Church Affairs (1935)

136
Q

Give an example of how easily Christian dissidents were intimidated and imprisoned

A

1935 700+ Prussian priests arrested

137
Q

Which party gave the Nazis the 2/3rds majority needed to pass the Enabling Act? (april 1933)

A

Centre

138
Q

What did the Concordat promise the Catholic Church? In return for what?

A

Church control over education and youth

In return for political neutrality

139
Q

When were crucifixes banned from schools?

A

1935

140
Q

Which prominent Catholic minister was murdered and when?

A

Erich Klausuren (June 1934)

141
Q

When were Catholic Youth Groups banned?

A

1936

142
Q

When was the pope’s encyclical and what was it called?

A

‘With Burning Concern’ (1937)

143
Q

Why were foreign policy achievements supported by Catholic leaders?

A

Transformed their church into the majority religion

144
Q

By 1935 what % of young people belonged to the Hitler Youth?

A

60%

145
Q

When did membership to the Hitler Youth become compulsory?

A

1939

146
Q

When did membership to the League of German Girls become compulsory?

A

1936

147
Q

How was education nazified/coordinated? 2 points

A

Jewish teachers /those of suspect political orientation fired

Creation of National Socialist Teacher’s Alliance (NSLB) –> to indoctrinate in Nazi ideology

148
Q

By 1937 what % of teachers had joined the NSLB? What does NSLB stand for?

A

National Socialist Teacher’s Alliance

1937 = 97%

149
Q

Give 2 examples of youth opposition and what they did

A

Edelweiss Pirates - objected to the regimentation of Hitler Youth

‘Swing Groups’ celebrated American-style culture

150
Q

What was the Nazi slogan for women that encompassed their role in Nazi ideology?

A

‘Children, Kitchen, Church’ = purely domestic role

151
Q

Which types of women did the Nazi regime attack?

A

educated women in professional jobs

152
Q

In 1933 what % of female teachers lost their jobs?

A

1933 = 15%

153
Q

By 1934 how many women were working in the Prussian civil service?

A

1934 = none

154
Q

in 1936 what happened in regards to women as judges?

A

1936 = not allowed to serve as a judge

155
Q

How did the rearmament programmes (1935) reveal a contradiction between propaganda and reality?

A

caused a labour shortage –> regime had to persuade women to go back to work

156
Q

how many women were employed in 1936?

A

5.6mil

157
Q

How many women were employed in 1937?

A

7.4mil

158
Q

What 3 things was the effectiveness of propaganda based on?

A

issue, audience, year

159
Q

When was nazi propaganda most effective?

A

when it stirred pre-existing fears or prejudices

160
Q

When was nazi propaganda least effective? 2 things

A

issues of morality / war

History (8 decks)

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