Richardson Lectures

Question 1

Principles of development

Answer 1

Differentiation, morphogenesis, growth, maturation

Question 2

Process by which you establish the three primary germ layers

Answer 2

Gastrulation

Question 3

Cells that will form part of the placenta

Answer 3

Trophoblast

Question 4

Cells that will form the embryo

Answer 4

Inner cell mass

Question 5

Forms amnion and body of the embryo

Answer 5

Epiblast

Question 6

Forms the wall of the primitive and secondary yolksacs

Answer 6

Hypoblasts

Question 7

Forms ; nervous system, skin epidermis, hair, glands, cornea and lens

Answer 7

Ectoderm

Question 8

Forms muscles, bones, cartilage, skin dermis, heart, blood vessels and cells, kidney, gonads and reporductive tract

Answer 8

Mesoderm

Question 9

Forms the GI tract epithelium, liver, pancreas, pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid, respiratory tract epithelium, and bladder

Answer 9

Endoderm

Question 10

Other name for fallopian tube

Answer 10

Oviduct

Question 11

Inner cell mass differentiates into

Answer 11

Epiblast and hypoblast

Question 12

Hypoblast forms

Answer 12

Extraembryonic tissues

Question 13

Step when the primitive streak forms

Answer 13

Gastrulation

Question 14

Forms the spine. Also forms nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc

Answer 14

Notochord

Question 15

Signals the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into nervous tissue

Answer 15

Notochord

Question 16

Only part of the notochord that remains in adults is the

Answer 16

Nucleus pulposus

Question 17

Remnant of the primitive streak
Generally benign tumors containing tissues derived from all three germ layers
Mostly found in females

Answer 17

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Question 18

Prechordal plate contributes to

Answer 18

Structures in the forebrain and oropharyngeal membrane

Question 19

Site of the future anus

Answer 19

Cloacal membrane

Question 20

Two places that you dont get mesoderm

Answer 20

Cloacal membrane

Oropharnygeal membrane

Question 21

Forms a variety of structures in the head, ganglia, adrenal medulla, and melanocytes

Answer 21

Neural crest cells

Question 22

Paraxial mesoderm forms the somites which go on to form?

Answer 22

Skeletal structure

Question 23

Intermediate mesoderm goes to form

Answer 23

Midstreak

Question 24

Dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome are formed from

Answer 24

Somite

Question 25

Forms kidney, somatic part of gonad (not germ), and urinary system

Answer 25

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 26

3 types of cartilage

Answer 26

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 27

Cartilage of • Developing skeleton of embryo • Epiphysial plate of growing bones • Articular cartilage • Respiratory tract

Answer 27

Hyaline

Question 28

Cartilage found Ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube

Answer 28

Elastic cartilage

Question 29

``` Cartilage found in Intervertebral disks • Meniscus of knee • Mandible • Sternoclavicular joints • Pubic symphysis ```

Answer 29

Fibrocartilage

Question 30

Elastic cartilage matrix is what collagen

Answer 30

Type 2 collagen

Question 31

Type of collagen in fibrocartilage

Answer 31

Type II and Type I

Question 32

Pattern of collagen in fibrocartilage

Answer 32

Dense regular pattern

Question 33

Organic component of bone

Answer 33

Osteoid

Question 34

Dense bone on the outside of long bones. Arranged in lamellae

Answer 34

Compact bone

Question 35

Less dense bone type. Lines marrow cavities and the ends of long bones. Arranged in trabeculae (creating more surface area)

Answer 35

Cancellous bone

Question 36

Connects haversian canals to each other

Answer 36

Volksman conal

Question 37

Runs longitudinally along the length of bone and are maintained by a single capillary

Answer 37

Haversian canal

Question 38

Stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts Squamous cells Found lining the bone in the periosteum and endosteum

Answer 38

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 39

Cuboidal epithelial like cells Form new bone Secrete osteoid and contribute to mineralization

Answer 39

Osteoblasts

Question 40

Osteoblasts that become trapped in osteoid Reside in lacunae Highly branched cells w/ processes connected to other osteocytes thru canaliculi Contribute to Ca homeostasis

Answer 40

Osteocytes

Question 41

Multinucleated. Monocyte lineage Reside in howship's lacuna Breakdown bone during remodeling Respond to hormones to satisfy the body's need for Ca.

Answer 41

Osteoclasts

Question 42

Two types of bone formation

Answer 42

Intramembranous Endochondral

Question 43

Forms bone directly in mesenchyme. Process used to form skull, parts of mandible, and clavicle.

Answer 43

Intramembranous

Question 44

Type of bone formation that uses a cartilage template. Used to form long bones

Answer 44

Endochondral

Question 45

Reduced osteoclast activity resulting in too much bone

Answer 45

Osteopetrosis

Question 46

Too much degradationa nd not enough deposition causes weakness in bone

Answer 46

Osteoporosis

Question 47

When does establishment of placental circulation, first germ layers, and extraembryonic membranes and cavities occur?

Answer 47

week 2

Question 48

what are the germ layers formed in week 2

Answer 48

epiblast and hypoblast

Question 49

when does primitive streak form?

Answer 49

week 3

Question 50

the notochord is formed from

Answer 50

mesodermal cells anterior to the primitive node in the midline

Question 51

remnant of the primitive streak

Answer 51

sacrococcygeal teratoma

Question 52

prechordal plate contributes to structures of

Answer 52

forebrain and oral cavity

Question 53

ectoderm derivatives formed from cells at the crest of the neural fold makes a variety of structures in the head, ganglia, adrenal medulla, and melanocytes

Answer 53

neural crest cells

Question 54

around what day does neurulation occur?

Answer 54

day 19

Question 55

when do somites begin to appear?

Answer 55

when neural tube begins to form

Question 56

how does fusion of the neural tube occur

Answer 56

both cranially and caudally

Question 57

what day is neural tube completely closed

Answer 57

day 28 (beginning of week 4)

Question 58

order of mesoderms outward from primitive node

Answer 58

paraxial, intermediate , lateral plate, extraembryonic

Question 59

organizes into paired somites adjacent to neural tube w/ development beginning cranially and somites increasing caudally

Answer 59

paraxial mesoderm

Question 60

forms urogenital structures

Answer 60

intermediate mesoderm

Question 61

primordial germ cells arise from

Answer 61

epiblast (then migrate to genetial ridge)

Question 62

2 layers of lateral plate mesoderm

Answer 62

somatic and visceral

Question 63

forms body wall, dermis of body, bones and CT of limbs and sternum and lining of intraembryonic cavity

Answer 63

somatic lateral plate mesoderm

Question 64

covers organs

Answer 64

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

Question 65

creates intraembryonic cavity and closes the wall of the gut

Answer 65

lateral folding of the intraembryonic disc

Question 66

blood islands formed by hemangioblasts appear in mesoderm of wall beginning

Answer 66

week 3

Question 67

liver is major site of hematopoeisis from

Answer 67

2 to 7 months

Question 68

stem cells in bone marrow responsible for hematopoiesis after

Answer 68

7 months

Question 69

sprouting of vessels from existing vessels

Answer 69

angiogenesis

Question 70

blood vessels derived from blood islands

Answer 70

vasculogenesis

Question 71

excessive growth of blood vessels

Answer 71

hemangiomas