Exam 3 Flashcards by Dylan Weaver

origin; semitendinosus

ischial tuberosity

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large sensory nerve to posterior hip and gluteal region, medial to Sciatic nerve

Posterior Cutaneous nerve of hip

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advantages to MRI

▪ No ionizing radiation ▪ Can scan in multiple planes (axial, coronal, sagittal) ▪ Better soft tissue detail than CT

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strongest ligament in the body. y shaped. attached to ilium and intertrochanteric line; prevents overextension of hip

iliofemoral ligament

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innervation; Abductor digiti minimi

lateral plantar nerve

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insertion; Plantar Interosseus Muscles

proximal phalanges 3-5

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action; dorsal interosseus muscles

Abduct toes and flex metatarsophalangeal joint

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action; extensor digitorum longus

dorsiflex foot and extend toes

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origin; quadratus femoris

ischial tuberosity

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Superficial vein that drains from the lateral side of dorsal venous arch. Found on the posterior side of the lateral malleolus, joins popliteal vein on posterior side of leg

Small saphenous vein

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Origin of tensor fascia lata

Anterior superior iliac spine

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located inside the joint capsule, attachs to fovea capitis and transverse acetabular ligament.

ligament of head of femur

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action: flexor hallucis longus

plantar flex big toe

plantar flex toe

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origin; flexor digiti minimi brevis

fifth metatarsal

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action; biceps femoris

flex knee

extend hip joint (long head only)

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action; Abductor digiti minimi

abduct and flex little toe

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raised edge on superior edge of pubis

pecten pubis

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origin; gastrocnemius

femur

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gives sensory to posterior side of calf and lateral foot (accompanies small saphenous vein)

sural nerve

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Insertion sartorius

Tibia

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origin ; superior gemellus

ischial spine

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inflammation of prepatellar bursa

housemaid’s knee

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Action adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Adduct hip joint

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Bags of fluid surrounded by connective tissue

Bursae

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what MRI weighted image is best for pathological lesions

T2 weighted

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triangular ligament that is attached to the superior ramus of the pubis and lower part of the intertrochanteric line; limits extension and abduction of the hip

pubofemoral ligament

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insertion; inferior gemellus

femur (greater trochanter)

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most common cause of foot drop?

damage to the common peroneal nerve

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what does the femur do when you have a complete fracture of the neck of the femur

the leg is rotated laterally due to the action of gluteus maximus and short rotators of hip

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three lateral ligaments

anterior talofibular

posterior talofibular

calcaneofibular ligament

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action; semimebranosus

flex knee

extend hip joint

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Arteries that do not anastomose w/ adjacent arteries;

End arteries

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defect in deep fascia which allows for the passage of the great saphenous vein. Has a sharp edged lateral side called the falciform margin. inferior to inguinal ligament

saphenous opening

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Action; vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Extend knee

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What separates the gluteus medius from the gluteus minimus

Superior gluteal nerves and vessels

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Origin; gracilis

Pubis

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Key feature ; tensor fascia lata

Muscle that is attached to the fascia of the IT tract

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disadvantages to ultrasound

Bone and air-filled structures interfere with image ▪ Difficulty penetrating obese patients

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origin: Abductor digiti minimi

calcaneus

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insertion; adductor hallucis

Proximal phalanx of big toe

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Action; tensor fascia lata

Abducts hip and maintains extension of leg

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white image on x ray

radiopaque

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valve degeneration in perforating veins causes

varicose veins

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innervation; obturator internus

nerve to obturator internus

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innervation; extensor hallucis longus

deep peroneal nerve

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innervated by medial plantar nerve

flexor hallucis brevis

abductor hallucis

flexor digitorum brevis

first lumbrical

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origin; Flexor digitorum brevis

calcaneus

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Allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients in tissue space. These are comprised of a simple endothelial cell tube

Capillaries

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Networks of capillaries that connect arterioles and venules

Capillary beds

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Action; obturator externus

Laterally rotate femur at hip joint

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order of darkest to lightest material on x ray

air

fat

fluid / soft tissue

calcium

metal

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Origin adductor longus

Pubis

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origin; tibialis anterior

tibia

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Three main branches of the aorta

Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery

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origin; plantaris

femur

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pes planus

flat feet

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three insertions at the pes anserinus on the tibia

gracilis, sartorius, tendinosus (God damn Stupid Tendon)

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Has relatively large lumen

Veins

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hamstring part of adductor magnus inserts;

adductor tubercle of femur

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insertion; peroneus longus

First Metatarsal, Medial Cuneiform

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insertion ; piriformis

femur (greater trochanter)

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origin; piriformis

sacrum

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insertion; obturator internus

femur, (greater trochanter)

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innervation; dorsal interosseus muscles

Lateral Plantar nerve

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action; lumbricals

I. Flex toes at metatarsophalangeal joint 2. Extend toes at interphalangeal joints

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innervation; soleus

tibial nerve

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c shaped cartilage that is NOT attached to the fibular collateral ligament

lateral meniscus

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innervation; superior gemellus

nerve to obturator internus

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Insertion; pectineus

Femur

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Disadvantages to MRI

Images can’t be manipulated on the viewing screen like CT ▪ Narrower than in CT , worse for claustrophobic or larger patients ▪ Noisy ▪ Can’t be scanned if you have certain kinds of metal/implants ▪ No movement allowed ▪ Adverse reactions to contras

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origin; soleus

fibula, tibia (soleal line)

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origin; peroneus teritus

fibula and interosseus membrane

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the lateral side of the leg is called the

peroneal

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what does water look like on T2 weighted MRI images

bright

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Origin; obturator extermus

Obturator membrane

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radiographic features of an anterior hip dislocation

femoral head medial and inferior to the acetabulum

femur in external rotation and abduction

affected femoral head my appear larger

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clinical uses for the femoral artery in the femoral triangle

femoral pulse, compression of artery against head of femur, insertion of catheter for angiography (direct access to heart) [cardiac catheterizations sometimes go through here]

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Innervation; gracilis

Obturator nerve

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What is supplied by the left subclavian artery

Upper limb

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innervation; extensor digitorum longus

deep peroneal nerve

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Origin; adductor magnus (adductor portion)

Pubis, ischium

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insertion; peroneus tertius

fifth metatarsal

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The femurs should be ___ when obtaining an AP pelvis film so as to display the femoral neck in profile

internally rotated

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outpocketing of synovial cavity of the knee joint posterior to quadriceps tendon

suprapatellar bursa

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stress fracture of the foot on the 2nd or 3rd metatarsal

March Fracture

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when the sciatic nerve branches in the piriformis and can get compressed

piriformis syndrome

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contusion of muscles at the anterior superior iliac spine

hip pointer

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Middle smooth muscle layer; most variable layer in thickness and amount of elastic fibers; controls arterial vasomotor tone

Tunica media

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Insertion of gluteus maximus

Femur IT tract

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origin; flexor hallucis brevis;

cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones

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inflamation of the superficial infrapatellar bursa

clergyman’s knee

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bursa in between the skin and patellar ligament

superficial infrapatellar bursa

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Thickened lateral part of fascia lata; helps keep knee extended and provides lateral stability when standing. Attaches to ilium above and lateral condyle of tibia below.

Iliotibial tract

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CT Advantages

▪ Resolution excellent for many areas ▪ Can see fractures otherwise missed ▪ Can scan in multiple planes ▪ Widely available ▪ Cheaper than MRI ▪ Fast (a few seconds for the whole body) ▪ Grey scale can be manipulated on viewing screen

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Innervation; sartorius

Femoral nerve

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insertion; tibialis anterior

medial cuneiform and first metatarsal

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Action gracilis

Adduct hip joint Flex knee

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the inguinal ligament connects to which two points

the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine

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action; quadratus femoris

laterally rotate femur

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insertion; quadratus femoris

femur

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muscle attached affectted by hip pointer

sartorius …

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Clinical condition when valvees of perforating veins become incompetent.

Varicose veins

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insertin; dorsal interosseus muscles

proximal phalanges 2-4

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insertion; popliteus

tibia

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action; tibialis anterior

dorsiflex, invert foot

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insertion; Quadratus plantae

Common tendon of flexor digitorum longus

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Deep fascia of the thigh

Fascia lata

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innervation; tibialis anterior

deep peroneal nerve

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cartilage that attaches between condyules and is firmly attached to the medial (tibial) collateral ligament. Relatively fixed in joint

medial meniscus

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disadvantages to nuclear medicine

Expensive ▪ Availability of service ▪ Radiation ▪ Poor spatial resolution

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innervates Gluteus maximus.

. Inferior Gluteal Nerve

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separates Gluteus Maximus from Greater Trochanter of Femur and Vastus Lateralis.

Trochanteral Bursa

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Advantages to Ultrasound

No ionizing radiation ▪ Real-time images ▪ Produces little to no patient discomfort ▪ Easy to use and noninvasive ▪ Inexpensive ▪ Portable

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sural nerve is a branch of?

tibial nerve

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Innervation of the gluteus maximus

Inferior gluteal nerve

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origin; semimembranosus

ischial tuberosity

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innervates Gluteus Medius and Minimus, Tensor fascia lata.

Superior Gluteal Nerve

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action; peroneus tertius

dorsiflex foot, every foot

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a patella with an unfused accessory ossification center

bipartite (or tripartite) patella

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origin; Plantar Interosseus Muscles

metatarsals 3-5

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origin; peroneus longus

Fibula

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gap in the adductor magnus between the hamstring part and the adductor part

adductor hiatus

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Origin of iliopsoas

Ilium, vertebrae T12 through L5

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insertion; Abductor hallucis

Proximal phalanx of big toe

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Separates the gluteus maximus from the ischial tuberosity

Ischial bursa

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The obstruction of a blood vessel due to an embolus

Embolism

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more common type of hip dislocation

posterior

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largest branch of the femoral artery. arises posteriorly in femoral triangle and passes between pectineus and adductor longus

profunda femoris

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innervation; extensor digitorum brevis

deep peroneal nerve

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Action adductor magnus (hamstring portion)

Extend hip joint

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when does the femoral artery change to the popliteal artery?

when it passes through the adductor hiatus

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Superficial vein that course on whole medial side of lower extremity. Starts at the dorsal venous arch of foot and ascends anterior to medial malleolus, up medial side of leg and thigh and drains to femoral vein at saphenous

Great saphenous vein

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location of femoral hernias

saphenous opening

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The thickest layer of medium veins is

Tunica adventitia

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Insertion; adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Linea aspera of femur

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inward rotation

inversion

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insertion; lumbricals

I. Proximal phalanges of lateral four toes 2. Extensor expansions

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what weight MRI image is best for anatomical detail?

T1 weighted

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passes directly posteriorly between pectineus and iliopsoas; provides most of the blood supply to the head of the femur

medial femoral circumflex

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insertion; Abductor digiti minimi

proximal phalanx of little toe

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Carries low oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Blood passes through capillary beds in lungs and receive oxygen

Pulmonary trunk

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what people sit on

ischial tuberosity

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origin; adductor hallucis

I. Oblique head: Metatarsal bones 2. Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints

largest nerve body (from L45,S123); composed of Tibial and Peroneal parts; ends as Tibial and Common Peroneal nerves; courses deep to Gluteus maximus, found halfway between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter; can be damaged in posterior dislocation of hip joint.

Sciatic Nerve -

Connect superficial veins to deep veins. Have valves that only allow flow superficial to deep, not deep to superficial

Perforating veins

The area of ischemic necrosis due to total occlusion of an artery

Infarct

insertion; biceps femoris

fibula

Characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Arteriosclerosis

innervation; Flexor digitorum brevis

medial plantar nerve

innervation; short head biceps femoris

common peroneal part of sciatic nerve

innervation; quadratus plantae

lateral plantar nerve

Insertion of the gluteus minimus

Femur (greater trochanter)

action; gastrocnemius

plantar flex foot (weak flex knee)

Inner lining of ndothelial cells (single layer) supported by delicate connective tissue; allows diffusion from lumen into vessel wall

Tunica intima

Peroneus longus action

Evert foot

What is supplied by the aortic arch

Abdomen, pelvis, lower limb

Swelling of tissue due to excess amount of interstitial fluid

Edema

the scale used to measure CT density

hounsfield units

protects underlying structures and helps support lateral arch.

plantar aponeurosis

Has relatively narrow lumen

Arteries

insertion; soleus

calcaneus

action; inferior gemellus

laterally rotate femur

Returns low oxygen blood to the right atrium of the heart

Superior and inferior vena cava

innervation; hamstring adductor magnus

tibial part of sciatic nerve

action; extensor hallucis longus

dorsiflex foot, extend toe

Action; rectus femoris

Flex hip joint, extend knee

innervation; inferior gemellus

nerve to quadratus femoris

the spring ligament. most important in. keeps head of talus high off the ground

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

insertion; flexor hallucis brevis

Proximal phalanx of big toe

A blood clot that detaches from its place of origin and travels in the blood stream

Embolus

insertion Peroneus Brevis

fifth metatarsal

origin ; flexor digitorum longus

tibia

the three structures that make up the “terrible triad of knee joint”

medial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial meniscus

Inflammation of Ischial Bursae

Weaver’s Bottom

Develops if muscle tonus of arteriole smooth muscle is above normal

Hypertension

What is supplied by the right subclavian?

Upper extremity

insertion; superior gemellus

femur (greater trochantor)

Condylar joint

Knee joint

insertion; gastrocnemius

calcaneus

innervation; peroneus tertius

deep peroneal nerve

Regions where blood passes directly from arterial to venous sides of circulation w/o passing thru capillaries. Found in regions of skin for temperature regulation. Also found in the gut and are open except during digestion

Arteriovenous anastamoses

Origin; pectineus

Pubis

courses below Piriformis; branches join Cruciate anastomosis at hip joint.

Inferior Gluteal Artery -

formed by the medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of teh pubic ramus (loss of this is a sign of a fracture neck of femur). IN normal AP film

shenton’s line

Location of popliteal nodes

Posterior to the knee

Action; pectineus

Flex hip joint

action; flexor digitorum longus

plantar flex lateral four toes

plantar flex foot

midline joint between pubic bones

pubic symphysis

AP view of ankle with a 15-20 degree internal rotation of the foot.

keeps the talus from overlapping a portion of the lateral malleolus

Mortise View

the thickened fascia of the external oblique muscle

inguinal ligament

join between the talus and calcaneous which gives inversion and eversion movements of foot

subtalar joint

the adductor part of the adductor magnus inserts;

linea aspera

weakening of the medial longitudinal arch associated with stretch of plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

pes - planus flat feet (

Innervation adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Obturator nerve

action; semitendinosus

flex knee

extend hip joint

what does water look like on T1 weighted MRI images

dark

Insertion of gluteus medius

Femur (greater trochanter)

action; tibialis posterior

plantar flexes foot

inverts foot

innervation; long head biceps femoris

tibial part of sciatic

largest extensor of thigh; used in running, climbing stairs, rising up from stooped position; actions: extend, lateral rotate hip joint; keeps leg extended via iliotibial tract; Innervation - Inferior Gluteal nerve

Gluteus maximus

A form of arteriosclerosis that is associated w/ build up of fat and cholesterol w/in the arterial walls

Atherosclerosis

what does the femoral sheath NOT surround

femoral nerve

innervation; Abductor hallucis

medial plantar nerve

muscles that plantar flex and invert foot, flex toes. muscles enter the foot on medial side of ankle

deep group of posterior compartment

Action of the gluteus medius

Abduction Medially rotate

innervation; popliteus

tibial nerve

Carry oxygen rich blood into the left atrium

Pulmonary veins

Location of deep inguinal nodes

Medial to the femoral vein

Nerve of iliopsoas

Femoral nerve

Sequence of muscles from piriformis down

Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris

origin; hamstring part of adductor magnus

ischial tuberosity

a black image on x ray

radiolucent

innervation; Peroneus Brevis

superficial peroneal nerve

sensory branches to lateral 1 1/2 digits and lateral sole

lateral plantar nerve

keeps you from standing on the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus

sesamoid bones

Clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart that does not move to another part of thebody

Thrombus

the medial 3 1/2 digits and medial part of sole are innervated by

medial plantar nerve

innervation; tibialis posterior

tibial nerve

Action; sartorius

Flex hip joint, flex knee

passes laterally, deep to rectus femoris; supplies lateral side of thigh, neck of femur, has descending branch that is part of the genicular anastomosis at the knee

lateral femoral circumflex

action; adductor magnus (hamstring)

extend hip joint

innervation; flexor hallucis brevis

medial plantar nerve

insertion; extensor digitorum longus

extensor expansions or lateral four toes

Separates the gluteus maximus from the greater trochanter of the femur and vastus lateralis

Trochanteral bursa

a very strong triangular shaped ligament that attaches to the medial malleolus of tibia to the medial surface of talus and calcaneus. this permits free dorsiflexion/plantar flexion but limits eversion of foot

medial (deltoid) ligament

action; soleus

plantar flex foot

innervation; flexor digitorum longus

tibial nerve

What is supplied by the common carotid

Head and neck

length of typical mri scan

30-60 minutes

ligaments that attach to the lateral malleolus of the fibula and permit free dorsiflexion/plantar flexion but limit inversion of the foot

lateral ligaments (weaker)

origin ; biceps femoris

ischial tuberosity (long head) , femur (short head)

origin; flexor hallucis longus

fibula

bursa in the subcutaneous tissue between the skin and patella

prepatellar bursa

A venous system that links two capillary beds

Portal system

bone between navicular bones and calcaneus and cuboid bones which allows for inversion and eversion of foot

transverse tarsal joint

action; extensor digitorum brevis

extend toes

Innervation; vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Femoral nerve

Location of vertical group of lower extremity lymphatics

Along the termination of the great saphenous veins

sensory nerve for skin of the lateral calf

lateral sural nerve

Innervation of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Superior gluteal nerve

innervation ; quadratus femoris

nerve to quadratus femoris

excessive eversion can cause

pott’s fracture

origin; inferior gemellus

ischial tuberosity

varix

dilated veins

Partial occlusion or narrowing of an artery associated w/ tissue damage

Stenosis

radiographic features of a posterior hip dislocation

fem head lateral and posterior to acetabulum

femur in internal rotation and adduction

femoral head may appear smaller

Insertion; Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Patella

action; quadratus plantae

Assist in flexing lateral four toes

Insertion of iliopsoas

Femur

Origin of gluteus medius

Ilium

innervation; plantar interosseus muscles

Lateral Plantar nerve

action; Peroneus Brevis

evert foot

Function of bursae

Shock absorbers that reduce the friction of movement of muscle tendons against bones or other tendons

Insertion; obturator extermus

Femur

action; popliteus

laterally rotate femur (unlock knee joint)

Insertion ; rectus femoris

Patella

Innervation; adductor magnus (hamstring portion)

Sciatic nerve (tibial part)

femoral triangle

superior-inguinal ligament -> medial adductor longus -> lateral sartorius

Innervation; pectineus

Femoral nerve

innervation; Flexor digiti minimi brevis

lateral plantar nerve

origin; extensor hallucis longus

fibula and interosseus membrane

insertion; tibialis posterior

navicular bone, cuneiform, cuboid, metatarsals 2-4

action; Flexor digitorum brevis

flex lateral four toes

insertion; flexor digitorum longus

distal phalanges of lateral four toes

origin; Quadratus plantae

calcaneus

action; Flexor hallucis brevis

flex big toe

Origin of gluteus maximus

Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Sacrotuberous ligament

origin; Peroneus Brevis

fibula

Abnormally swollen and dilated veins, usually in the legs. Occurs when the walls of veins lose their elasticity and damaged valves allow blood to pool in the veins rather than ascending to the heart

Varicose veins

Outer connective tissue layer in blood vessels

Tunica adventitia

origin; extensor digitorum longus

tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane

action; adductor hallucis

adduct and flex big toe

Action of gluteus maximus

Extend Laterally rotate

action; Plantar Interosseus Muscles

Adduct toes and flex metatarsophalangeal joint

The major named vessels in the body

Principle vessels

Innervation tensor fascia lata

Superior gluteal nerve

tissues that reflect many echoes on ultrasound

sonodense (increased echogenicity) appears bright or white

innervation; semimembranosus

tibial part of sciatic nerve

origin; tibialis posterior

tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane

The indentation on the head of the femur for the insertion of the ligament

Fovea capitis

innervation; piriformis

nerve to piriformis

Action; piriformis

laterally rotate femur

Injury to the superior gluteal nerve or poliomyelitis causes

Gluteal gait

tissue that has few or no echoes on US is referred to as

sonolucent (or decreased echogenicity). It appears dark or black

bump on superior edge of pubis. important as attachment for inguinal ligament

pubic tubercle

action; superior gemellus

laterally rotate femur

insertion; plantaris

calcaneus

advantages of plain film

▪ Fast ▪ These images are relatively inexpensive to produce ▪ Can be obtained almost anywhere using portable or mobile machines ▪ Are still the most widely obtained imaging studies

insertion; Flexor digiti minimi brevis

proximal phalanx of little toe

Action of iliopsoas

Flex hip joint

Origin; sartorius

Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion; gracilis

Tibia

Innervation rectus femoris

Femoral nerve

Inflammation of the ischial bursa

Weaver’s bottom

origin; extensor digitorum brevis

calcaneus

drain lymph from most of lower extremity

vertical group

action; Flexor digiti minimi brevis

flex little toe

The type of blood vessels with valves

Veins

Insertion; tensor fascia lata

Iliotibial tract

advantages to nuclear medicine

Excellent specificity ▪ Provides physiologic information ▪ Provides early detection

arch that is formed by calcaneus, cuboid and lateral two metatarsals.

supported by long plantar ligament and plantar aponeurosis and peroneal tendons

lateral arch

insertion; flexor hallucis longus

distal phalanx of big toe

innervation; plantaris

tibial nerve

nodes that draine the gluteal region and posterior thigh

horizontal group

insertion; Flexor digitorum brevis

middle phalanges of lateral four toes

insertion; adductor magnus (hamstring)

femur

courses above Piriformis, between Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus..

Superior Gluteal Artery -

formed by cuneiform and cuboid bones and metatarsals

supported by interosseus muscles and peroneus longus tendon

transverse arch

innervation; lumbricals

Lumbrical 1: Medial plantar nerve Lumbricals 2-4: Lateral plantar nerve

spiral shaped ligament attached to the ischium and greater trochanter; limits extension

ischiofemoral ligament

ligament involved in high ankle sprain

anterior inferior tibio-fibular ligaments

action; Abductor hallucis

abduct and flex big toe

outward rotation

eversion

tearing or stretch of the adductor group at the pubis is called what clinically?

pulled groin

innervation; flexor hallucis longus

tibial nerve

insertion; extensor digitorum brevis

extensor expansions of toes 2-4

innervation; gastrocnemius

tibial nerve

insertion; extensor hallucis longus

distal phalanx of big toe

action; plantaris

plantar flex foot

separates Gluteus Maximus from Ischial tuberosity.

Ischial Bursa

is the lateral meniscus attached to its respective collateral ligament?

NO the lateral meniscuus does not connect to the fibular collateral ligament

origin; Abductor hallucis

calcaneus

action; obturator internus

laterally rotate femur

excessive inversion

sprained ankle

origin; dorsal interosseus muscles

metatarsals 1-5

Origin adductor magnus (hamstring portion)

Ischial tuberosity

Origin; rectus femorus

Anterior inferior iliac spine

where can fabella be found sometimes?

lateral head of gastrocnemius

most of the dorsum of the foot is innervated by ___

the superficial peroneal nerve

Location of horizontal group of superficial inguinal nodes

Below inguinal ligment

what is a safety issue with MRI’s?

metal that can move

pacemakers

Action of the gluteus minimus

Abduct, Medial rotation

Locations that blood capillaries exist but lymphatic capillaries do not

Teeth, bone, bone marrow, and central nervous system (arguable due to recent findings)

tough band o fdeep fascia on sole of foot extending from the calcaneus

plantar aponeurosis

a sesamoid bone sometimes present in the tendon of origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemious

fabella

Acts as a merger draining the lower half of the body

Cisterna chyli

Peroneus longus innervation

Superficial Peroneal nerve

origin; lumbricals

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Insertion adductor magnus (hamstring portion)

Femur (adductor tubercle)

origin; obturator internus

obturator membrane

Communications between arteries that supply regions of the body.

Arterial anastomoses

innervation; semitendinosus

tibial part of sciatic nerve

means knuckle

condyle

Origin of gluteus minimus

Ilium

Origin vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Femur

swelling of synovial sheaths under the tarsal tunnel which can compredss the tibial nerve and causes numbness of sole of foot, toes and weakness of flexion of toes

tarsal tunnel syndrome

Innervation; obturator externus

Obturator nerve

a natural protuberance from a bone, or inside the shell or exoskeleton of a sea urchin or insect, for the attachment of muscles.

apophysis

Supplies blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

Common iliac

avulsion fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal, at the insertion of peroneus brevis tendon. Almost always oriented transversely across the long axis of the shaft. (freq caused by plantar flexionand inversion of the ankle)

pseudo-jones fracture

origin; popliteus

femur

inflammation of plantar fascia; symptoms are sharp pain, typically at heel, more common in runners and obese patients

plantar fascitis (often inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis

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