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S&F1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane Permeability

A

How easily a substance can move through a membrane

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2
Q

Membrane Conductance

A

How easily electric current flows through a cell membrane. Quantified in units of siemens (S).
Electrical equivalent of permeability

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3
Q

Membrane Resistance (Rm)

A

The logical and mathematical inverse of conductance. Quantified in ohms

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4
Q

Quantifiable unit of conductance

A

Siemens

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5
Q

Rate of charge (ion) flow across a cell membrane. Quantified in amperes.

A

Membrane current

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6
Q

Net electrochemical force acting on an ion.

A

Driving force

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7
Q

The net effect of the total electrical charge distribution across the cell membrane and the ion concentration difference across the cell membrane.

A

Driving Force

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8
Q

Membrane excitability

A

Ability of a cell to generate action potentials (brief, large changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane)

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9
Q

Channelopathies

A

Diseases caused by improper function of ion channels

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10
Q

Membrane surface charge screening

A

EC cell surface has fixed negative (net) charge. Divalent cations bind to these, neutralizing them. Changes in levels of extracellular divalent cations can cause a change in membrane potential.

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11
Q

Gives a value in mV at which the electrical potential across a cell membrane is exactly equal and opposite to the chemical potential of the concentration gradient.

A

Nernst Equation (equilibrium potential and Nernst Potential are synonymous)

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12
Q

Describes an equilibrium state where net ion flux across the cell membrane is zero. The net ion flux of ALL ions is zero.

A

G-H-K equation

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13
Q

to move a substance over a distance, you must have a pressure or force applied. The rate of movement depends on the amount of force and the ease at which the force can move thru a substance

A

Ohm’s law

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14
Q

Ohm’s law applied to cell membrane

A

Flow of ions across membrane depends directly on the magnitude of the driving force for that ion AND the conductance of the membrane to that ion

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15
Q

Inward current

A

Makes the interior of the cell more positive

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16
Q

Outward current

A

Makes the interior of the cell less positive

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17
Q

The cell membrane’s capability to store electrical charge

A

Capacitance

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18
Q

Capacitance is directly proportional to ___

A

Membrane surface area

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19
Q

Capacitance is inversely proportional to __________

A

Membrane thickness

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20
Q

What does Ra (axon resistance) depend on?

A

Concentration of dissolved electrolytes, and the quantity of intracellular fluid available (which is determined by cross-sectional area of the axon which is determined by the diameter of the axon). Concentration of electrolytes is relatively constant, so diameter is principle determinant of Ra.

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21
Q

Type of glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Type of glial cells that are derived from monocytes and have similar phagocytic function as macrophages

A

Microglia.

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23
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

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24
Q

Membrane current begins and ends

A

Instantaneously

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25
Q

Capacitance is _____ by myelination

A

Decrease

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26
Q

The distance at which DeltaVm declines by approximately 63%

A

Length constant (gamma)

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27
Q

How do Delayed rectifier K channels differ from Voltage-gated Na channels?

A 
Ion permeability (K rather than Na)
Activation rate (slow compared to the voltage gated Na channels)
No fast inactivation (DRK channels do not have 'ball and chain' structure)
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28
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

Virulent poison from puffer fish which blocks voltage-gated Na channels and is fatal at very low doses

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29
Q

Produced by marine dinoflagellates responisble for red tide.
Blocks voltage-gated Na channels.
Shellfish can be contaminated w/ this and it can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning.
Can be lethal

A

Saxitoxin (STX)

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30
Q

Derivates from cocaine which act by blocking voltage gated Na Channels.
Some have a ‘use dependence’ property meaning they bind to voltage gated Na channels in the ‘open’ state.

A

Local anesthetics, procaine, lidocaine

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31
Q

Partially block cardiac voltage gated Na channels to help control arrhythmias of the heart.

A

Mexilletine, procainamide. (Antia-arrhythmytics [some])

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32
Q

Drugs used to control seizures by acting on the voltage-gated Na channels.

Principle effect of these is to promote inactivate state of channel reducing ability of neurons to fire at a high rate.

A

Phenytoin, lamotrigine, carbamazepine

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33
Q

Tetraetylammonium, 4-aminopyridine and some ions (barium and cesium). Increase duration of the action potential and shorten the refractory period.

A

Delay rectifier K channel blockers

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34
Q

Current flowing down the axon ahead of the action potential

A

Capacitive current

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35
Q

Action potentials propagating in the normal, single, direction

A

Orthodromic

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36
Q

Action potentials propagating in the backwards directions

A

Antidromic

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37
Q

The principle determinant of the conduction velocity is the length constant of the axon in _____ axons

A

Unmyelinated

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38
Q

For unmyelinated axons, what can you increase to increase conduction velocity.

A

Diameter.
Increased diameter -> decreased axial resistance -> increased length constant -> further flow of capacitance current -> faster flow

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39
Q

Two major ways that myelination affects action potential propagation

A
  1. Altering the distribution of ion channels in the axon membrane
  2. Altering the length and time constants of the axon membrane.
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40
Q

Area with high density of Voltage dependent Na channels?

A

Stretch of axon membrane in the nodes of ranvier

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41
Q

Part of myelinated axons w/ high density of K channels

A

Nodes and juxtaparanodes

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42
Q

What section of myelinated axons have more K channel sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine?

A

Juxtaparanodal region

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43
Q

Do capacitive currents flow further along myelinated or unmyelinated axons and why?

A

Myelinated. Higher membrane resistance -> higher length constant.

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44
Q

Which type of cell is responsible for myelination in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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45
Q

Which type of cell is responsible for myelination in PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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46
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is caused by defect in ?

A

CNS myelin

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47
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome is caused by a defect in ?

A

Peripheral myelin

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48
Q

What is believed to be the method of improving MS w/ 4 aminopyridine?

A

Drug blocking voltage dependent K channels in the juxtaparanodal region (which are exposed by demyelination)

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49
Q

What motor protein is used to carry things down an axon?

A

Kinesin

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50
Q

Anchoring of vesicles in a presynaptic terminal to cytoskeletal filaments

A

Tethering

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51
Q

Interactions between this vesicle membrane protein and filaments leads to tethering

A

Synapsin

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52
Q

When phosphorylated, synapsin affinity for actin is ___

A

Reduced

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53
Q

Phosphorylating synapsin causes what?

A

Reduced affinity so vesicles become freed from the cytoskeleton where they are then transported to the active zone.

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54
Q

Vesicles which remain anchored to the cytoskeleton

A

Reserve pool

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55
Q

Vesicles that have been freed from the cytoskeleton and transported to the active zone

A

Releasable pool

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56
Q

Increasing free calcium in the axon terminal does what to synapsin?

A

Leads to the phosphorylation of synapsin which then releases vesicles.

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57
Q

Two proteins that act as target SNARE”s

A

SNAP-25

Syntaxin

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58
Q

V-SNARE protein

A

Synaptobrevin

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59
Q

Calcium sensor which signals neurotransmitter release

A

Synaptotagmin

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60
Q

This connects the vesicle lumen w/ the extracellular space in the synaptic cleft, forming a pathway for the neurotransmitter to diffuse through

A

Fusion pore

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61
Q

These toxins enter the axon terminals and destroy SNARE proteins by cleaving one or more of the proteins involved in the v-SNARES and t-SNARES

A

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium botulinum

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62
Q

Characterized by spinal inhibition resulting in unbalanced, excessive excitation of spinal motor neurons. This leads to uncontrolled muscle contraction and spasms often beginning in the jaw and then spreading.

A

Tetanus toxin

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63
Q

Characterized by decrease in ACh release (due to cleavage of SNARE proteins) in the neuromuscular junction. Leads to paralysis up to and including losing the ability to breath.

A

Botulsim toxin

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64
Q

Toxin which causes a massive release of neurotransmitter leading to release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction causing constant, painful muscle contractions and cramping. Requirement for Ca influx into synaptic terminal is bypassed.

A

Larotoxin poisoning - latrodectus spider - black widow spider

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65
Q

Toxin which prevents the activation of the voltage-gated calcium channels in presynaptic axon terminal which causes failure of transmitter release. This can lead to problems in neuromuscular junctions w/ potential respiratory failure

A

Conotoxin - cone snails

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66
Q

Two processes used in neurotransmitter termination for rapid removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cell

A

Reuptake

Enzymatic degradation

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67
Q

Transporters involved in neurotransmitter reuptake use what type of transport?

A

Secondary active transport

Na-dependent co-transport

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68
Q

Form joints between adjacent vertebrae, orientation of these determines the types of movement that occur between that vertebrae

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

Facets

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69
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

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70
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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71
Q

Number of lumbar vertebra

A

5

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72
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5, they are fused

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73
Q

of coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-5

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74
Q

Hole in the transverse process for vertebral artery and veins (c1-c7)

A

Foramen transversarium

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75
Q

Two key identifiers for cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid spinous process and foramen transversarium

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76
Q

No movement joint

A

Second cervical vertebra

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77
Q

Yes movement joint

A

First cervical vertebra

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78
Q

This cervical vertebra is the first palpable vertebra

A

Vertebra prominens (C7)

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79
Q

Inner gelatinous core of the intervertebral disk

A

Nucleus pulposus

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80
Q

Collagen fibers and fibrocartilage which makes up the ring of the intervertebral disk

A

Anulus fibrosus

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81
Q

Most common direction of herniation of nucleus pulposus through the anulus fibrosus

A

Postero-lateral

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82
Q

Permits considerable flexion-extension, lateral flexion, rotation

A

Cervical (c3-c7

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83
Q

Permit some rotation - little or no flex/extend

A

Thoracic

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84
Q

Permit flex-extend, little or no rotation, helps increase abd prssure.

A

Lumbar

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85
Q

Exaggerated lumbar curvature, common in pregnancy

A

Lordosis

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86
Q

Irreversible cessation of the function of nervous system

A

Legal definition of death

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87
Q

Neurons that conduct towards the CNS

A

Afferent

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88
Q

Axons that conduct away from the CNS (motor axons)

A

Efferent

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89
Q

Voluntary, conscious part of nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system.

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90
Q

Conntrol smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and internal organs, largely unconscious actions

A

Visceral efferents. (Autonomic nervous system)

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91
Q

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

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92
Q

What spinal nerve is pinched if you have paresthesia in the thumb

A

C6

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93
Q

What level of herniation do you have if you have little finger paresthesia

A

C8 (disk between c7 -t1)

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94
Q

Contains sensory and motor axons to region of back; sensory to skin of back and posterior neck, motor axons t deep muscles of back and neck

A

Dorsal ramus

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95
Q

Inferior end of spinal cord. L1 in adults, L3 in newborns

A

Conus medullaris

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96
Q

Where does dural sac end

A

Inferiorly at level S2

97
Q

3 categories on low molecular weight neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, and amino acids

98
Q

Locations that acetylcholine is used at

A

Neuromuscular junction
Autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic postganglion neurons and preganglionic neurons)
Some neurons in the brain

99
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized by what?

A

Choline + acetyl CoA (and enzyme choline acetyltransferase)

100
Q

Catecholaminens, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine

A

Biogenic amines

101
Q

The principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

102
Q

The principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

Glutamate

103
Q

The principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase

A

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

104
Q

One of two general types of neurotransmitter receptros where the receptor directly gates an ion channel

A

Direct / ionotropic receptors

105
Q

One of two general types of membrane receptors where the receptor indirectly regulates an effector molecule, which may be an ion channel, enzyme, or other..

A

Indirect / metabotropic receptors

106
Q

What is MoA of benzodiazepines on GABAa receptors

A

GABAa receptors have benzo modulatory sites. Benzos bind, increase length of time channel stays open, thereby increase total Cl flux and enhancing effect of GABA

107
Q

Difference in GABAa and GABAb

A

GABAa ionotropic

GABAb metabotropic

108
Q

Nicotinic ACh receptor toxins

A

Nicotine
Curare (south american plants)
Some snake venoms (cobras, mambas, kraits,…)

109
Q

Plate or layer

A

Lamina

110
Q

An opening, hole, or passage. Especially in bone

A

Foramen

111
Q

A small smooth area on a bone or other firm structure, usually an articular surface covered in life w/ articular cartilage

A

Facet

112
Q

A change in postsynaptic ion permeability that increases probability of action potential firing in post-synaptic cell. Typically results from synaptic current flow that depolarizes the postsynaptic cell membrane

A

Excitatory postysnaptic potential (EPSP)

113
Q

A change in postsynaptic ion permeability that decreases the probability of the postsynaptic cell firing action potential. May result from hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

114
Q

These open cation channels and use the higher resting membrane driving force of sodium over potassium to depolarize the postsynaptic cell

A

Conductance increase EPSP

115
Q

Addition of Cl permeability to the membrane (by GABAb and Glycine) does what ?

A

Stabilizes the membrane potential, reducing the cells ability to depolarize in response to excitation.

116
Q

Change in postsynaptic ion permeability caused by released neurotransmitter

A

Postsynaptic potential

117
Q

Postsynaptic response which increases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire and action potential

A

EPSP

118
Q

Postsynaptic response which decreases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

A

IPSP

119
Q

All conductance increase EPSP are permeable to at least

A

Sodium and potassium

120
Q

In general, the ____ a synapse is to the site of action potential initiation (the axon), the more influence that synapse has over the generation of action potentials.

A

Closer

121
Q

Two or more synapses are simultaneously activated and elicit an action potential. Amount that the synapses combine depends on their length constants.

A

Spatial summation

122
Q

The same synapse is activated more than once in a short time period and the combinatory effect is what determines the time constant of the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Temporal summation

123
Q

GABA receptors are located where and why

A

GABA are inhibitory. The receptors are located at cell body near axon (rather than out in the dendrites like glutamate). For this reason, it takes much less of a synaptic potential to elicit an action potential (less distance, less attenuation, more umph.)

124
Q

Decreases the amount of neurotransmitter released by a synapse

A

Presynaptic inhibition

125
Q

Two most common types of presynaptic inhibition

A
  1. Open K channels in the presynaptic terminal (causes hyperpolarization and less Ca channel opening)
  2. Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca channels from opening
126
Q

Receptors located in the presynaptic terminal and activated by the neurotransmitter that THAT synapse releases.

A

Autoreceptors

127
Q

Second messenger pathways that change the electrical properties of the postsynaptic cell and can alter cell function w/o changing membrane potential

A

Neuromodulation

128
Q

having so much of the neurotransmitter that it escapes and causes an effect on cells outside of the synapse (example: NO)

A

Volume transmiission

129
Q

The lag between flow of membrane current and change in membrane potential

A

Time constant

130
Q

Short time constant has ____ temporal resolving power

A

High (will not do as much temporal summation)

131
Q

Small SA - _____ time constant

A

Short

132
Q

This structure enters into the membrane, bends and returns back to EC side w/o passing all the way through

A

P loop

133
Q

This transmembrane segment of ion channels contains the voltage sensor

A

S4 (transmembrane)

134
Q

This segment lines the outer mouth of the pore of the ion channel and forms selectivity filter

A

P-loop.

135
Q

Where are amino acid neurotransmitters packaged and synthesized?

A

Nerve terminal

136
Q

Where is norepinephrine packaged and synthesized?

A

Nerve terminal

137
Q

Where is ACh packed and synth’d?

A

Nerve terminal

138
Q

Where are neuroactive peptides packed and synth’d?

A

Within the cell body and then transported own anterograde

139
Q

What is the most common (not exclusive, though) type of co-expression in neurotransmitters?

A

One low molecular weight neurotransmitter and one neuropeptide

140
Q

Why is acetylcholine not synthesized within nervous tissue?

A

Choline is supplied through the blood

141
Q

Conductance increase Excitatory EPSP’s are typically generated by __

A

Gating of ion channels which are equally permeable to both Na and K

142
Q

At resting membrane potential, is driving for higher for sodium or potassium?

A

Sodium

143
Q

How many alpha subunits must be bound bind ACh to gate the channel of the nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

There must be 2 ACh bound. 1 to each of the two alpha subunit.

144
Q

Where are nicotinic ACh receptors primarily located?

A

Neuromuscular junctions
Autonomic nervous system
Central nervous system

145
Q

What are three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors and what are they named for?

A

Kainate
AMPA
NMDA
These are all agonists of the receptors.

146
Q

What is the NMDA receptor permeable to that other glutamate receptors are not?

A

Calcium (along with Na and K) [kainate and AMPA are only permeable to Na and ]

147
Q

The lag between the peak in synaptic current and the peak in synaptic potential is due to?

A

The membrane time constant

148
Q

What is a way that you can create a conduction decrease EPSP?

A

Decreasing the resting leak potassium permeability.

This removes a hyperpolarizing element, allow some depolarization

149
Q

Are conductance decrease EPSP’s ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Metaboptropic. (Or G protein coupled)

150
Q

In this summation, the same synapse is activated more than once w/in a short period of time and the multiple synaptic potentials are summed

A

Temporal summation

151
Q

The strongest inhibitory synapses are found where??

A

Directly on the axon initial segment

152
Q

When a transmitter acts in a feedback manner binding to receptors on the cell from which it was released, it is called

A

Autocoid (autoreceptors)

153
Q

Autoreceptors provide ____ to the terminal from which they were released

A

Negative feedback

154
Q

Two ways of presynaptic inhibition that both axo-axonic synapses and autoreceptors use.

A
  1. Open K channels to hyperpolarize.

2. Directly inhibit voltage gated calcium ion channels

155
Q

Region of the presynaptic membrane where synaptic vesicles fuse and release ACh

A

Active zone

156
Q

Protein released from motor nerve that aggregates pre-existing AChR’s on the muscle membrane at the neuromuscular junction

A

Agrin

157
Q

Muscle specific activator of MuSK required for NMJ formation

A

Dok7

158
Q

Flow of sodium ions thru AChR that occurs when ACh binds

A

End plate current

159
Q

Change in potential at the NMJ to more positive due to the end plate current

A

End plat potential

160
Q

Small changes in muscle membrane potential caused by spontaneous release of quanta of ACh

A

Miniature end plate potentials

161
Q

Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4; binds to agrin and MuSK; required for NMJ formation

A

LRP4

162
Q

Muscle specific kinase;when activated by agrin, induces the clustering of AChR’s @ NMJ by rapsyn

A

MuSK

163
Q

Invagination of muscle membrane at the NMJ

A

Postjunctional fold

164
Q

Vesicles containing ACh that are released and bind to AChRs even in the absence of nerve stimulation

A

Quanta

165
Q

Protein in muscle that binds to AChRs and clusters them at the NMJ

A

Area between motor nerve and muscle that contains proteins involved in development and regulation of the NMJ

166
Q

Differencee between actual EPP and threshold potential required to generate muscle action potential

A

Safety factor

167
Q

Do adult or embryonic AChR’s have longer mean open time??

A

Embryonic

168
Q 
Characterized by;
Making antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels
Reduced neurotransmitter release
Affects primarily limb muscles
Symptoms; skeletal muscle weakness
Improved w/ exercise
A

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

169
Q

Test used to determine if decreased muscle function is due to motor nerve or muscle. Measures a current which is generated at the NMJ

A

Electromyography (EMG)

170
Q

Layout of the articular facets of the cervical vertebrae

A

Angled superiorly and medially : gives considerable freedom of movement.

171
Q

Atlas

A

C1

172
Q

Axis

A

C2

173
Q

Dens is on

A

C2, axis

174
Q

C7

A

Vertebra prominens

175
Q

First spinous process that is not bifid?

A

C7

176
Q

What makes the thorax the least mobile part of the vertebral body?

A

The spinous processes of the thorax are long and inclined posteriorly and inferiorly

177
Q

Most chunky vertebral section

A

Lumbar

178
Q

Articular process of the lumbar vertebra are in what plane?

A

Sagittal - allows for flexion / extension movement

179
Q

What two ligaments are in the vertebral foramen?

A

Posterior Longitudinal column

Ligamenta flava

180
Q

Which ligament is elastin containing

A

Ligamenta flava

181
Q

Ligamentum nuchae is what ?

A

Greatly thickened interspinous and supraspinous ligaments in cervical region

182
Q

Synovial plane joints that permit sliding movements that are immobilized in facet fusion surgery

A

Joints between articular processes (facets)

183
Q

Made of collagen fibers and fibrocartilage

A

Anulus fibrosus

184
Q

Gelatinous core

A

Nucleus pulposus

185
Q

Degenerative changes + back strain can cause

A

Herniation of nucleus pulposus (most common in postero-lateral direction) (ofter l4l5 or l5s1)

186
Q

Hump back, exaggerated curvature, concave anteriorly. Normally in thorax

A

Kyphosis

187
Q

Can be caused by the presence of a hemivertebra

A

Scoliosis

188
Q

Exaggerated lumber curvature, concave posteriorly

A

Lordosis

189
Q

Groups of nerve cell bodies in central nervous system

A

Nuclei

190
Q

Groups of nerve cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

191
Q

Groups of axons in CNS

A

Tract

192
Q

Groups of axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

193
Q

Stimulus goes through sensory neuron -> interneuron(s) -> motor neuron -> flexor muscle

A

Reflex

194
Q

Control skeletal muscle, voluntary activities

A

Somatic efferents

195
Q

Sensory neurons that innervate skin, joints; provide precise conscious sensation of touch pressure pain to skin, also provide sense of body position

A

Somatic afferents

196
Q

Control smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, glands, internal organs, largely unconscious

A

Visceral efferents

197
Q

Sensory neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, only provide imprecise localization of sensation and dull sense of pressure, pain

A

Visceral afferents

198
Q

.

A

.

199
Q

Cell bodies of all sensory. Neurons are located at the dorsal root ganglia - look like swellings attached to dorsal root

A

Dorsal root ganglia

200
Q

Are there any synapses in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

No, dorsal root ganglia is only the collection of cell bodies of all sensory neurons.

201
Q

Contains sensory and motor axons to regions of back; sensory to skin of back and posterior neck, motor axons to deep muscles of back and neck

A

Dorsal ramus

202
Q

Sensory to skin of extremities, anterior and lateral trunk, motor to muscles of extremities & anterior and lateral regions of trunk

A

Ventral ramus

203
Q

Conus medullaris ends at where in newborn

A

L3

204
Q

Conus medularis ends at where in adults

A

L1

205
Q

Where does cauda equina show up?

A

Below level of conus medullaris

206
Q

Dural sac is separated from inner side of vertebral canal by space containing fat and loose connective tissue, also contains internal vertebral venous plexus

A

Epidural space

207
Q

Tough outer layer that forms sac that completely surrounds spinal cord in vertebral canal.

A

Dura mater

208
Q

The middle layer of meninges that is attached to the inner side of dura. Has fine strands that extend to pia mater

A

Arachnoid

209
Q

Found between arachnoid and pia - CONTAINS cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space

210
Q

Thin layer, adherent to spinal cord. Contains blood vessels supplying cord

A

Pia mater

211
Q

Projections of pia on each side of cord. Extend to arachnoid on inner side of dura. Landmarks in neurosx. Dorsal roots are dorsal to these. Ventral roots are ventral to these. (Dorsal roots are sometimes cut for relief of chronic pain)

A

Denticulate ligaments

212
Q

Thin strand of pia which extends below conus medullaris. Pierces dural sac at S2 and attaches @ first coccygeal vertebra

A

Filum terminale

213
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

W/in choroid plexuses (mostly in brain

214
Q

Type of ACh receptor that directly opens (Na/K) channels

A

Nicotinic

215
Q

Type of ACh receptor that stimulates PLC and closes K channels

A

Muscarinic, m1, m3, m5

216
Q

Type of acetylcholine receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase, opens K channels, and inhibits Ca channel opening

A

Muscarinic, m2, m4

217
Q

Mechanism of KA, AMPA, and NMDA receptors

A

Directly open cation channels ( these are glutamate ionotropic receptors) (NMDA is does Ca, K, Na)[other two do K, Na)

218
Q

Mechanism GABAa

A

Ionotropic. Directly opens Cl- channels. (Inhibitory)

219
Q

GABAb mechanism

A

Metabotropic; opens K channels which hyperpolarizes and inhibits Ca channels from opening

220
Q

Glycine MoA

A

Ionotropic, directly opens Cl channels

221
Q 
Affects autonomic nervous system and NMJ
Inhibits synaptic vesicle release
Affects SNARE proteins of vesicle fusion
Weakness and paralysis of limbs
Death from resp muscle paralysis
A

Botulism

222
Q

Does myasthenia gravis or lambert-eaton worsen on exertion?

A

Myasthenia gravis

223
Q

These two toxins interfere with neuronal Na channels

A

Terodotoxin (pufferfish) and saxitoxin (red sea)

224
Q

This toxin interferes with Ca channels in the terminal

A

Conotoxin - omega

225
Q

What effect does nicotine have at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

Activates AChR’s

226
Q

What toxins inhibit AChR’s

A

Tubocurarine (curare) and bungarotoxin (king cobras)

227
Q

Type of ACh receptor that directly opens (Na/K) channels

A

Nicotinic

228
Q

Type of ACh receptor that stimulates PLC and closes K channels

A

Muscarinic, m1, m3, m5

229
Q

Type of acetylcholine receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase, opens K channels, and inhibits Ca channel opening

A

Muscarinic, m2, m4

230
Q

Mechanism of KA, AMPA, and NMDA receptors

A

Directly open cation channels ( these are glutamate ionotropic receptors) (NMDA is does Ca, K, Na)[other two do K, Na)

231
Q

Mechanism GABAa

A

Ionotropic. Directly opens Cl- channels. (Inhibitory)

232
Q

GABAb mechanism

A

Metabotropic; opens K channels which hyperpolarizes and inhibits Ca channels from opening

233
Q

Glycine MoA

A

Ionotropic, directly opens Cl channels

234
Q 
Affects autonomic nervous system and NMJ
Inhibits synaptic vesicle release
Affects SNARE proteins of vesicle fusion
Weakness and paralysis of limbs
Death from resp muscle paralysis
A

Botulism

235
Q

Does myasthenia gravis or lambert-eaton worsen on exertion?

A

Myasthenia gravis

236
Q

These two toxins interfere with neuronal Na channels

A

Terodotoxin (pufferfish) and saxitoxin (red sea)

237
Q

This toxin interferes with Ca channels in the terminal

A

Conotoxin - omega

238
Q

What effect does nicotine have at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

Activates AChR’s

239
Q

What toxins inhibit AChR’s

A

Tubocurarine (curare) and bungarotoxin (king cobras)

S&F1 (9 decks)

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