Rhinology

Question 1

Anosmia

Answer 1

loss of sense of smell

Question 2

presenting complaints of nose problems

Answer 2

sneezing, facial pain, discharge, epistaxis, obstruction, deformity

Question 3

PMH, OH and SH of nasal problems

Answer 3

trauma, previous nasal surgery, asthma, aspirin allergy
woodworker
cocaine, alcohol, smoking

Question 4

Examination of anterior nose

Answer 4

otoscope, anterior rhinoscope, profile of nose

Question 5

Examination of posterior nose

Answer 5

endoscopic or fibroscopic

Question 6

Investigations of nasal problems

Answer 6

bloods - FBC, RAST
CT/MRI
skin test
rhinomanometry

Question 7

What are x-rays used for in nasal problems?

Answer 7

facial trauma

Question 8

Septal haematoma treatment

Answer 8

drained to prevent infection

Question 9

Septal perforation causes

Answer 9

cocaine, trauma, previous rhinoplasty, cauterisation

Question 10

Nasal polyps causes

Answer 10

unknown, genetic, chronic inflammation, autonomic nervous system dysfunction

Question 11

Allergic conditions causing nasal polyps

Answer 11

asthma, aspirin and alcohol intolerance

Question 12

Non allergic conditions causing nasal polyps

Answer 12

cystic fibrosis and AFS

Question 13

3 investigations for nasal polyps

Answer 13

sweat test - CF
RAST/skin test
microbiology - nasal smear

Question 14

Imaging done for nasal polyps

Answer 14

CT coronal

Question 15

treatment for nasal polyps

Answer 15

oral/nasal steroids

immunotherapy

Question 16

surgery for nasal polyps

Answer 16

endoscopic sinus surgery, microdebrider, polypectomy

Question 17

Acute sinusitis treatment

Answer 17

nasal decongestants, antibiotics, steam inhalation, steroid spray, antihistamine

Question 18

Rhinosinusitis in sinus radiographs - negatives

Answer 18

poor visualisation of osteomeatal complex and anterior ethmoidal sinus
false positives
50% sensitivity of sinus opacification

Question 19

Acute sinusitis classification

Answer 19

<12 weeks, resolve without treatment and completely

recurrent - break of 8 weeks between, 1-4 times a year

Question 20

Chronic sinusitis classification

Answer 20

> 12 weeks, inflammation after treatment

flares - new, worse symptoms

Question 21

2 causative main organisms of sinusitis

Answer 21

Strep pneumonia and H influenza

Question 22

Symptoms of sinusitis

Answer 22

facial pain, nasal discharge, nasal blockage, loss of sense of smell, congestion
headache, malaise, fever, halitosis

Question 23

Halitosis

Answer 23

bad breath

Question 24

2 antibiotic classes used for sinusitis

Answer 24

macrolides and beta lactams

Question 25

Peri orbital swelling treatment

Answer 25

IV antibiotics and drainage

CT and emergency surgery

Question 26

Frontal sinusitis presentation and treatment

Answer 26

large swelling , fever, discharge

frontal sinus surgery

Question 27

Common causes of epistaxis

Answer 27

infection, trauma, blood disorders, allergy, tumour, hypertension, congenital

Question 28

Epistaxis surgery?

Answer 28

sphenopalatine (main blood supply), anterior ethmoid - most easily damaged by finger trauma, posterior ethmoid and ECA ligation and embolization

Question 29

Epistaxis, lip vascular lesions- what is connection?

Answer 29

blood vessel abnormality

HHT

Question 30

What MUST be done before surgery with angiofibroma?

Answer 30

embolization