A global perspective to ENT, ophthalmic and neurological conditions

Question 1

List some causes of visual impairment

Answer 1

glaucoma, refractive error, corneal scar, cataract

Question 2

What causes cataracts and how can it be treated?

Answer 2

UV exposure - no sunglasses?

access to surgery

Question 3

How is refractive error treated?

Answer 3

with glasses

Question 4

How is glaucoma treated?

Answer 4

lifelong eyedrops

Question 5

What is trachoma?

Answer 5

bacterial infection due to face washing with dirty water

Question 6

What can trachoma cause?

Answer 6

eyelid to turn inwards and scratch the cornea - corneal scar

Question 7

Treatment of trachoma

Answer 7

SAFE

surgery, antibiotics, face-washing, environmental

Question 8

How is river blindness transmitted?

Answer 8

blackfly - larvae

Question 9

What can the larvae cause in river blindness?

Answer 9

scarring, inflammation, lesion

Question 10

Treatment of river blindness

Answer 10

annual dose of ivermectine

Question 11

Disabling hearing loss definition

Answer 11

hearing loss > 40dB in adults

Question 12

Causes of disabling hearing loss

Answer 12

congenital eg maternal infection of rubella,syphilis or birth asphyxia
acquired eg noise excess, trauma, infection

Question 13

Strategies to prevent disabling hearing loss include..

Answer 13

immunisations, ante-natal care, education, simple aids

Question 14

Give examples of non communicable diseases and why are they on the increase?

Answer 14

neurological and cerebrovascular disease

changing lifestyles

Question 15

Why do more head injuries occur in LMIC’s?

Answer 15

legislations, road traffic accidents, attacks, healthcare access

Question 16

Why are head and neck cancers more common in LMIC’s?

Answer 16

poor hygiene, chew tobacco, late detection, access to anaesthesia, radiotherapy

Question 17

Why is facial deformity higher in LMIC’s?

Answer 17

secondary to maternal infection

cleft lip/palette -> vitamin and folic deficiency