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Pharmacology > Rhinitis, Coughs, Colds & Flu > Flashcards

Rhinitis, Coughs, Colds & Flu Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of nasal mucous membranes

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2
Q

What are the two different kinds of rhinitis?

A
  1. Infectious
    -Viral(colds and flu)
    -Bacterial(sinusitis0
  2. Non-infectious:
    -Allergic
    -Non-allergic(vasomotor)
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3
Q

What is bacterial sinusitis treated with?

A

Treated with appropriate antibiotics & nasal irrigation(saline solution) sprays

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4
Q

Which immunoglobulins mediate Rhinitis?

A

IgE

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5
Q

Non-allergic rhinitis

Vasomotor or chronic?

A

Chronic

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6
Q

Symptoms of non-allergic rhinitis?

A

-Sneezing & Congestion
-Rhinitis
-Postnasal drip
-Phlegm
-Cough

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7
Q

Aetiology of non-allergic rhinitis?

A

Hyper-responsiveness of the nerve endings in the nostril

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8
Q

Triggers of non-allergic rhinitis?

A

-Odours
-Irritation in the air(smoke)
-Changes in the weather
-Medication(aspirin, beta-blockers, sedatives and antidepressants)
-Foods & beverages(alcohol)
-Hormonal changes

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9
Q

What is the treatment of non-allergic rhinitis?

A

-Nasal-corticosteriods
-Short-term decongestant

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10
Q

Allergic rhinitis symptoms?

A

-Itching
-Sneezing
-Rhinorrhea & ocular symptoms
-Little effect on congetsion

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11
Q

Which second generation antihistamines treat allergic rhinitis ?

A

Loratadine
Cetirizine
Fexofenadine
Rupatadine

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12
Q

Which receptor (classification) does the Rupatadine receptor act on?

A

Antagonist at the PAF receptor-G-coupled receptor

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13
Q

When is Rupatadine effective and what is its usage?

A

Early and late phase
&
Long lasting H1-antagonist

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14
Q

Intranasal corticosteroids drugs antihistamines?

A

A Long Nose

-Azelastine
-Levocabastine
-intraNasal corticosteroids

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15
Q

Cromoglyic acid?

A

Intermittent allergic rhinitis

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16
Q

Intranasal corticosteroids uses?

A

-Anti-inflammatory action
-Decreased mucosal oedema
-Decreased number of mast cells

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17
Q

Intranasal corticosteroids systemic effects?

A

Little Systemic effect

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18
Q

Intranasal corticosteroids S/E?

A

-Dry nose
-Nasal bleeding
-Irritation of the throat
-Transient stinging
-Adrenal suppression(excessive use)

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19
Q

Intranasal corticosteroids drugs?

A

BBF-CTM

Beclomethasone
Budesonide
Fluticasone
Ciclesonide
Triamcinolene
Mometasone

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20
Q

Which antihistamines can not be used for children?

A

Intranasal corticosteroids
esp: Beclomethasone

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21
Q

What are nasal preps?

A
  1. Mesna(Mistabron)
    -Used for nasal obstruction dur to thick secretions

2.Sodium chloride(saline drops/spray)
-Safe to use in pregnancy, infants, babies and children under two

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22
Q

Which drug is safe to use in children under two?

A

Sodium Chloride

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23
Q

Types of influenza medication?

A
  1. Neurominidase inhibitor(Influenza A & B)
  2. NMDA-receptor antagonist
    (Influenza A only)
24
Q

Neurominidase inhibitor drugs?

A

Oseltamivir
Zanamivir

25
Q

Neurominidase inhibitor MOA?

A

Inhibit the neurominidase(sialidase) enzyme in both influenza A and B virus

26
Q

Neurominidase inhibitor indications?

A

-Used for prevention and treatment
-Ability to limit the spread of the viral infection but only modest reduction in the symptoms duration

27
Q

Neurominidase inhibitor admin time?

A

Should be taken within 24-48hrs of the onset of symptoms

28
Q

NMDA-receptor antagonists drugs?

A

Amantadine
Rimantadine

29
Q

NMDA-receptor indications?

A

-Influenza A only
-Used for the prevention and treatment

30
Q

NMDA-receptor MOA?

A

M2 protein-selective ion channel of the influenza A but ineffective agonist influenza B

31
Q

What limits the usefulness of NMDA?

A

Widespread viral resistance and unwanted S/E limit the usefulness

32
Q

Vaccine S/E?

A

-Flu-like symptoms within 2-24hrs after vaccination
-Pain and treatment at the site of the infection

33
Q

Vaccine ADR?

A

Allergic reactions

34
Q

Antitussive agents?

A

Cough suppressant mechanism to clear the throat of foreign particles and mucus

35
Q

Antitussive agents drugs?

A

Opiodanalgesics (dextromethaphan, codeine, pholcodeine)

36
Q

Antitussive agents S/E?

A

Sedation, constipation and nausea

37
Q

Demulgents?

A

Consists of sugar, lemon, honey and glycerol

38
Q

Demulgents increases what?

A

Saliva production and swallowing

39
Q

Demulgent indication?

A

Useful for a dry irritated throat?

40
Q

Expectorants?

A

Chesty coughs and increase the volume of bronchial secretions and reduces viscosity

41
Q

Expectorants drugs?

A

GAS

Guaiphenesin
Ammonium citrate
Sodium Citrate

42
Q

Mucolytic agents?

A

Alters the structure of mucus and decreases viscosity

43
Q

Mucolytic agents drugs?

A

Nose Come Back

Carbocisteine
Bromhexine
N-acetylcysteine

44
Q

Mucolytic agents S/E?

A

Nausea, vomiting and headaches

45
Q

Which mucolytic agent is used in cystic fibrosis?

A

Dornase alfaf

46
Q

Mucokinetics/Bronchodilators

A

Enhance mucocillary function

47
Q

Mucokinetics/Bronchodilators CI?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism
Uncontrolled HT

48
Q

Mucokinetics/Bronchodilators drugs?

A

B2 adrenergic agonists: terbutaline, orciprenaline

Xanthines: eg: theophylline

49
Q

Decongestants time uses and why?

A

Only short-term(4-5days) for periods of congestion

DON’T USE OVER 5 days

50
Q

Local decongestants drugs?

A

Oxymetazoline
Xylmetazoline
Phenylephrine

51
Q

What are drug induced overuse of decongestant nasal sprays?

A

Pseudoephedrine

52
Q

Which mucolytic agent splits disulphide bonds into mucoproteins?

A

Acetylcysteine/N-acetylcysteine

53
Q

Which mucolytic agent is used in cystic fibrosis?

A

Acetylcysteine/N-acetylcysteine

54
Q

Dornase alfa side effect?

A

May cause voice alterations

55
Q

What is the durations the nasal decongestants?

A

Short duration: Phenylephrine

Longer duration:
Oxymetazoline & Xylometazoline

56
Q

MOA of nasal decongestants?

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor: Phenylephrine, Oxymetazoline & Xylometazoline

Mixed-action adrenergic agonist(alpha-1 and beta-2)- Ephedrine + Phenylpropanolaime

Pharmacology (44 decks)

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