revolutions Flashcards
visionary leaders
Robespierre, Gandhi, Lenin
Organisational leaders
Napoleon, Trotsky
Thomas Paine’s pamphlet
Jan 1776- ‘a common sense’. all men created equal and don’t owe any allegiance to a foreign king
July 1776 declaration of independence
self-evident right to liberty, life and the pursuit of happiness
13 colonies adopting new state constitutions
1770s + bill of rights in many, wide franchise and New Jersey initially allowed female suffrage - revoked in 1807
Russian defeats
1905 Japan
1914-16 WW1
International women’s day Russia
Feb 23rd 1917- demonstrations against bread shortages in capital, hundreds of thousands of workers joined in the day after
after soldiers fired on crowds some military defected- Duma said Tsar’s abdication was only way to restore peace so he did on March 3rd
When did Tsar abdicate
March 3rd 1917
Lenin’s coup
Oct 1917 - bloodless
25th October- new communist government in power
mistakes of provisional goevrnement in Russia
tried to continue war- soldiers and sailors defected as a result - Bolsheviks promised to end the war
Castro’s preparation for revolution
recruited peasants by promising land reform, schooling and healthcare and trained them in Guerrilla warfare
Batista’s mistakes
1957-8 Batista murdered and tortured the middle class so Eisenhower stopped shipments of arms to Cuba late 1958- Batista's army refused to fight Castro's rebels so jan 1959 Batista fled
Castro’s rule
implemented land reforms and nationalised foreign businesses and began national literacy campaign and built thousands of schools and clinics
1000s of Castro’s opponents fled to America on his encouragement
Economy only survived with society union support And later with aid from Venezuala
Murder in Egypt that precipitated unrest
Khaled Said beaten to death by police in 2010 and images circulated
2011 protests Egypt
Jan 25th 2011- ANti-Murabak forces organised protest on national police day and normal Egyptians joined- peaceful and appealed to soldiers as ‘friends’. People numbering tens of thousands converged in Tahir square
Police stations were burnt and police attacked so police retreated but military ordered into the square refused to shoot
When was Murabak replaced
FEB 10th 2011- said he would stay in power but protests the next day so Supreme council of armed forces took over government and promised a new election
details of Orange revolution Ukraine
2004 - November 22nd, protestors joined in main Kiev square wearing orange for the colour of Yushchenko’s campaign posters and called for a new, fair vote count
local councils voted to refuse the election result
Outcome of orange revolution ukraine
December 3rd 2004- SC called elected invalid due to fraud and so new election held on 26th with 12k election monitors- many were international. Yushchenko then won with 52% of the vote
pre-existing conflict in Nicaragua
1926 civil war of feuding families and US marines trained and equipped Nicuraguan guard. the guard was loyal to commander Sandino
after great depression the US pulled forces and Sandino agreed to disarm.
Rise of Somoza in Nicuragua
assasinated Sandino in 1934 and 2 years later seized power he ruled for 20 years and was then replaced by his son
used the 1972 earthquake aid to improve his own wealth.
dissent with Somoza
mid 70s Ortega brothers kidnapped and killed elites. Newspapers condemned Somoza and US threatened to stop aid after martial law declared so he stopped it and released prisoners
barricades and protests which Samoza bombed and shot thousands but eventually forced to flee in 1979
the Haitian revolution
1801- drew up constitution declaring the abolition of slavery and special laws governing Haiti
1802- Napoleon tried to entrance slavery but in the process lost 50k men and the next year the constitution was adopted
growth of working class in China
1.5mill- 1919
3 mill- 1927
Decline in silk exports in China
136k piculs- 1931
54k- 1934
GMD’s revenue
fell by 63% and 41% went to military meanwhile the CCP was living off the land
Japanese invasion of China
1937
Chiang devoted forces to communist not japense threat
Anti-Japanese military and political university no. of graduates
established by Mao
100k
GMD and CCP direct fight
600k GMD men lost after being cut off from their aid and supplies by guerilla tactics + many had deserted
red army numbered 1 mill and officially seized power in 1949
