definitions

Question 1

social movement

Answer 1

a collective group united by a common purpose

Question 2

contentious politics

Answer 2

ordinary people joining forces in confrontation with elites

when sustained= social movement

Question 3

revolution

Answer 3

observed mass mobilisation and institutional change and a driving ideology carrying a vision of social justice

Question 4

structural causes of revolution

Answer 4

long term, large scale trends that undermine social institutions and relationships

Question 5

transient causes of revolution

Answer 5

contingent events or action- reveal the impact of longer term trends and galvanise revolutionary opposition to take further action. sudden events that push society out of stability eg spikes in inflation, defeat in war

Question 6

populism

Answer 6

thin centred ideology that considers society to be separated into 2 homogenous and antagonist groups. pure people vs the corrupt with politics as the expression of the general will

Question 7

legislative responsibility

Answer 7

a leg majority has the constitutional authority to remove the government from office without cause eg a vote of no confidence

Question 8

parliamentary democracy

Answer 8

democracies which depend on a leg majority to exist and in which the head of state is not popularly elected for a fixed term

Question 9

presidential democracy

Answer 9

democracies in which the government does not depend on a legislative majority to exist

Question 10

semi-presidential system

Answer 10

the government depends on a legislative to majority to exist and head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term

Question 11

collective cabinet responsibility

Answer 11

disagreement in private, once a decision has been made they cannot publicly disagree eg Robin Cook resigned over the decision to go to war in Iraq. not In presidential systems ministers are in charge of specific areas and do not direct the general cabinet will

Question 12

surplus majority government

Answer 12

cabinet contains more parties than are necessary to control a legislative majority.a government could remove a party and still control a legislative majority

Question 13

formateur

Answer 13

job to construct a government. sometimes this must be the leader of the maj party (Greece and Romania), however in other countries they have far more power

Question 14

liberalism

Answer 14

freedom from arbitrary authority combination of negative and positive freedom

Question 15

realist model of democratic peace theory

Answer 15

internationally the state exists in anarchy as no binding international law. fear is the root conflict of international war - rational to defect from cooperation as you cannot rely on other states

Question 16

kant on democratic peace theory

Answer 16

perpetual peace will only be gained from ever-widening of liberal pacific union so all countries must agree to market orientated economy, preservation of judicial freedom and state must be republican- society with combined moral autonomy, individualism and social order

Question 17

interstate war

Answer 17

largescale, institutionally organised lethal violence between internationally recognised sovereign states

Question 18

normative democratic peace theory

Answer 18

locates democratic peace in democratic norms

Question 19

structural accounts for democratic peace theory

Answer 19

attribute democratic peace to institutional constraints in democracies

Question 20

alternative democratic peace theory

Answer 20

states in high pressure environments are less likely to be democracies because such states are more likely to be involved in wars and autocratic regimes allow for divisiveness

Question 21

Weber’s definition of the state

Answer 21

community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force

Question 22

contractural state view

Answer 22

state created through a social contract with the individuals who make it up

Question 23

predatory view of the state

Answer 23

a state is in the position to threaten violence over citizens and makes it possible for them to exploit citizens which according to the social contract, they have a duty to protect. state is an unintended consequence of the strategies employed by actors to maintain their power

Question 24

extractive institutions

Answer 24

‘reason why nations fail today’- unsustainable growth only carried out for the gain for elites