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Opthalmology > Revision Tutorials (important) > Flashcards

Revision Tutorials (important) Flashcards

1
Q

what does a teardrop iris suggest

A

corneal injury- teardrop will point to it

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2
Q

how does corneal injury affect vision

A

changes corneal shape

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3
Q

what must you worry about in corneal penetrating injuries

A

retinal detachment symptoms- decrease in pressure in anterior chamber causes vitreous to move forwards

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4
Q

what must you always ask to check for retinal detachment

A

floaters that persist

flashes

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5
Q

what hypersensitivity reaction is sympathetic ophthamloplegia

A

type II

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6
Q

how can a head injury affect vision

A 
visual cortex (haemorrhage/ injury) = cortical blindness 
lens dislocation (vision reduced, increased red reflex)
retinal scarring
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7
Q

what should you assume in pupil deformities

A

perforating injuries until proven otherwise (may be normal)

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8
Q

what is the seidels test

A

flood eye with fluoroscene to look for penetrating injury, aqueous coming out of eye will dilute the fluoroscene

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9
Q

what is a perforating eye injury

A

will go in and out of eye

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10
Q

what eye condition results from infection under contact lenses

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

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11
Q

what is the advice for people who wear contacts

A

dont sleep, swim or shower in them
dont wear for more than 5 days a week
dailys are safer than monthlys

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12
Q

when does it hurt to move your eye

A

inflammation at the back of the eye

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13
Q

what is affected to causes changes in colour

A

optic nerve

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14
Q

what is affected to causes changes to visual field

A

retina

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15
Q

what does corneal reflection show

A

position of eyes when looking at same point- squints

light high in eye then eye position low

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16
Q

what is a tropia

A

one eye looking straight, one eye squint

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17
Q

what is the cover test

A

covering eye alternately whilst looking at a fixed point, individual eye should not move when the other is covered, if it does then squint in that eye

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18
Q

what are the types of tropia

A

esotropia- outward movement of eye = eye turned in
exo-eye turned out (inward movement in cover test)
hyper- eye upward
hypo- eye downward

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19
Q

do you keep your glasses on for the cover test

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the fixing eye

A

eye that doesnt move in the cover test

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21
Q

can squints alternate between eyes

A

yes but will only be in one eye at a time

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22
Q

what will give you horizontal double vision

A

inward/outward position of eye

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23
Q

what will give you vertical double vision

A

eye upward/ downward position

24
Q

how do you asses occular motility

A

take glasses off, head still, follow torch with eyes, sclera should disappear where eye is looking (position of gaze)
visible sclera= weak muscles

25
what is the primary position of the eye
looking forward
26
how do you test each eye muscle
``` up= SR/IO up and in= IO medial= medial rectus down and in= SO down= SO/IR down and out= IR lateral= LR up and out= SR ```
27
where will double vision be the worst
where the muscle is the weakest
28
what causes a horizontal diplopia
eso/exo tropia
29
what causes a vertical diplopia
hyper/hypo tropia
30
what diplopia will a 6th nerve palsy create
horizontal
31
what is seen in a 3rd nerve palsy
MR, SR, IR, IO weakness ptosis pupil dilated eye goes out and down in III nerve palsy as LR strongest muscle
32
what is seen in a 4th nerve palsy
eye will elevate (as SO weak)
33
why can nerves 3,4 and 6 all be affected at the same time
as all in cavernous sinus
34
what are the most common causes of squint in the elderly
microvascular: diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, age, hypercoagulability
35
what nerve is at risk from whiplash injuries
4th (exits brain posteriorly)
36
what causes a squint in children
raised ICP, shunt, viral, trauma
37
what is visual acuity
the resolving power of the eye, ability to differentiate between two points
38
how far away should a snellen chart be
6 meters
39
how do you document a snellen chart result
``` meters away/ line of letters - how many you got wrong u/a unaided +PH with pinholes + glasses ``` e.g. 6 (meters)/ 9 -1
40
what can pinholes tell you
if vision blurring is down to needing glasses/ new prescription
41
in your osce do you leave glasses on or off to do visual acuity
with glasses | can use pinholes use glasses to see if vision changes are just because they need glasses or a new prescription
42
what happens if the patient can see the top letter at 3 meters
test if they can count fingers right infront of face (CF) if not if they can see hand waving (HM) if not if they can see light (POL) if not= no perception of light (NPOL)
43
what does close vision test
macula function hold page at natural reading distance smaller the number smaller the writing they can read
44
how do you test the vision of babies/ children
babies differential vision - barcodes that get finer and finer children shapes/ toys that they can point to
45
why do you look into the distance to get pupils
so they dont accommodate to the light
46
what does a swinging light test for
RAPD
47
what does fluoroscein angiography test for
ocular circulation
48
what happens to the macular is wet ARMD
is elevated by exudative fluid produced by a subretinal choroidal neovascular membrane
49
what is the treatment for wet ARMD
intravitreal antiVEGF injections (only works in early cases)
50
what can happen in neovascularisation of the optic disc
sight threatening vitreous haemorrhage sudden visual loss
51
what is the treatment for optic disc neovascularisation
pan retinal laser photocoagulation (reduces hypoxic drive)
52
what happens to the optic disc in glaucoma
enlargement of the optic cup as nerve fibres are lost in the neuroretinal rim may be bayonetting of the vessels as the follow the deepened disc contour
53
what is a normal cup to disc ratio
0.2-0.6
54
what should a normal optic disc look like
neuroretinal rim (nerve fibre layer) is pink and even in thickness
55
what is the cup to disc ratio in advanced glaucomatous cupping
0.9-1
56
what is temporal cresent pigmentation found in
glaucoma
57
what are the features of papilloedema
obscured disc margins, optic cup is lost, may be haemorrhages on the elevated optic disc surface or margin, dilated vessels at the disc

Opthalmology (16 decks)

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