Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Opthalmology > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

in the retina what do the rods do

A

are sensitive to low levels of light- night vision/ peripheral vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in the retina what do the cones do

A

detailed vision (acuity), coloured vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the ocular adnexae

A

extra oricular tissues- lids, lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, naso-lacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cranial nerve II

A

optic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is cranial nerve VII

A

facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is emmetropia

A

no refractive error in vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is hypermetropia

A

long sightedness- caused by eye being smaller than average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is myopia

A

short sightedness- eye is bigger than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is Astigmatism

A

blurred vision caused by the eye being shaped more like a rugby ball than a football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is amaurosis

A

partial or total blindness without visible change in the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is oscillopsia

A

when objects in the visual field appear to oscillate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is diplopia

A

double vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what condition causes the peripheral vision to deteriorate whilst central vision is maintained

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what condition can headlight glare be a symptoms

A

cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what condition cause central vision to deteriorate

A

macular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is epiphora

A

excessive watering of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you test visual function

A

visual acuity (clarity of vision), visual field, colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the roles of the eyelids

A

tear film distribution, protects eyes, have glands that add to tear film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is sclera show

A

when eyelids not covering iris, can see sclera above or below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is ptosis

A

drooping or falling of the upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the pupil sign that suggests horners
abnormally constricted pupil in eye with droopy eyelid
26
what controls the muscle LPS
CN III
27
what is the mullers muscle - action and innervation
fibres within LPS, holds open eye in F/F | sympathetically controlled
28
what is the role of the different parts of the orbicularis occuli
orbital part- squeezing of the eye, forced blink palpebral part- normal blinking, reflex blink
29
what innervates the obicularis occuli
CN VII
30
what palsy affects obicularis occuli meaning you lose your reflex blink
bells palsy- presents with dryness and irritation
31
where are tears formed (three places)
fluid from lacrimal gland, oil from eyelid glands, mucosa from conjunctiva
32
what covers the inner surface of the eyelid
palpebral conjuncitva
33
what lines the eyeball
bulbar conjunctiva
34
what do the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva create
a mucosal surface which allows tears to stick to eye
35
what makes up the cornea
``` epithelium bowmans membrane stroma descents membrane endothelium ```
36
what is the major refracting surface of the eye
cornea - bends the light onto the lens
37
why do you need glasses
misshapen cornea
38
what is a condition that clouds the lens
cataracts
39
what is the middle of the lens called
lens nucleus
40
what keeps the lens in place
zonules
41
does the cornea change shape in the accommodation reflex
no
42
describe the accommodation reflex
If looking at something in the distance cornea does enough light bending to focus light on the retina. If then go to close up cornea needs help from the lens to bend the light into focus. Spherical lens had more refractive power than a flat lens To pull zonules ciliary muscles need to relax- this makes lens flat to see in distance. To see something close need spherical lens so need ciliary muscles to contract to relax the zonules
43
what is the natural shape of the lense
spherical
44
how does the lens shape change
contraction or relaxation of the cilliary muscle then relaxes or tightens the zonules
45
why do you need glasses as you get older to see close up
ciliary muscles doesn’t contract and zonules don’t relax aswell
46
what is the uvea
middle layer of eyeball, inbetween sclera and retina, formed from embryo uvea tissues, made up of choroid cilliary body and iris
47
what does the ciliary body do
makes aqueous
48
where is the choroid
underneath the retina - turns in to cilliary body and then iris
49
what is the role of the choroid
is extremely vascular- acts as a way to get blood to the avascular retina
50
what is the afferent pathway of the pupillary light reflex
optic nerve- chiasm- optic tract- BOTH pretectal nucleus- BOTH pretectal nucleus go to BOTH EWNucleii (each goes to two)
51
what is the efferent pathway of the pupillary light reflex
CN III (oculomotor) from EWN- synapses halfway at cilliary ganglion
52
what is the direct pupillary reflex
light in right makes right constrict
53
what is the consensual pupillary reflex
light in right makes left constrict
54
what will shining a light in the right eye tell you about the afferent pathway of the left
nothing
55
what is the RAPD pupillary reflex
(relative afferent pupillary defect) | subtle change in the afferent of one eye (optic nerve not working aswell)
56
how is RAPD tetsed
Swinging light test- by making maximal constriction in one eye and they switching to eye not working before has time to dilate properly will dilate a little bit as nerve not working at full capacity. If go back to other eye will go back to pin prick
57
do parasympathetics synapse close to or far from organs
close to
58
what is the path of the nerves from the eyeball to the brain
``` optic nerve chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate nuclei optic radiation occipital cortex ```
59
what side of occipital cortex will right visual field go to
left same for left to right lower to upper upper to lower
60
what crosses at the chiasm
nasal visual field fibres (peripheral vision) | temporal remains on outside
61
what vision loss in a problem with the optic nerve
unilateral vision impairment (one side)
62
what vision loss in a problem with the chiasm (pituitary tumour)
bilateral hemianopia (loss of peripheral/ temporal fields)
63
what causes a homonomous vision loss (same side lost on both eyes)
problem after the chiasm
64
what causes a quadrantoanopia
problem with lobes after geniculate nuclei (e.g. parietal lobe)
65
what is the path of the lower visual field
hits upper retina, stay in upper fibres in nerves, chiams and optic tract, to nucleus, as high able to go in straight line to the occipital cortes to the parietal lobe
66
what is the path of the upper visual field
goes to lower retina, stay in lower part of nerve, chiasm and tract but are obstructed by the ventricles so to get to occipital cortex need to go around the front of the ventricle (in temporal lobe) (round the temporal ventricle)
67
what makes up the fibrous outer layer of the eye
sclera and cornea
68
what are the three coponents of the uvea
retina, choroid and iris
69
what makes up the iris
pigment cells and smooth muscle
70
what controls pupil size
sphincter pupillae constricts under parasympathetic stimulus | dilator pupilae dilates under sympathetic stimulus
71
what is the role of the ciliary body
secretes aqueous humor (cilliary epithelium) controls the shape of the lens
72
what is the path of light into the eye
tear film, cornea, aqueous humour of anterior chamber, pupil, aqueous humor of posterior chamber, lens, vitrous body (containing vitrous humour), retinal artery/ vein branches, ganglion cells axon, photoreceptors
73
why dont you blow your nose in blow out fractures
as might introduce nasal commensal- cause orbital cellulitis
74
what is the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex
oculomotor nerve and iris
75
what is the afferent limb of the pupillary reflex
retina, optic nerve, chiasm
76
how does a perforated blind fold test visual acuity
blocks divergent rays that need focusing, leaving only parallel rays that are focused already to strike retina- shows if vision bad cos need glasses if vision improved with this blindfold
77
what is the blind spot
the optic disc- part of retina with no photoreceptors, only axons joining to make optic nerve
78
what is the innervation of the lacrimal gland
parasympathetic CN 7
79
what are the components of CN III
somatic motor and parasympathetics
80
what nerve supplies sensation to the ala of the nose
ophthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve
81
what is the fovea
area of macula with greatest concentration of cones
82
where is optic disc always
nasal side of those pictures
83
what is the macula
area of greatest acuity- found in the centre of all four quadrants (centre of the retina)
84
when do you get vision changes in an eye pathology
when it affects the macula
85
what are the red dots in macular degeneration
haemorrhages (mild type only has haemorrhages)
86
when do you look at the macula in an osce
at the end as can be sore to look at the light
87
what do you look for in an osce in opthalmoscopy
cup, contour, vascular arcades, macula (right eye use your right eye and stand on the right side) red light, look into distance, dial to green 10= anterior chamber. dial down to 0 to into at the retina mannequin heads commonly have CRAO or CRVO
88
list all the bones in the orbit
frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine
89
list the key findingd in a 3rd nerve palsy
``` eyeball looks down and out droopy eyelid cant move eye medially or up pupil dilated, will struggle to constrict can also get headache ```
90
what pathology are you most concerned about
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
91
what is cupping and what causes it
loss of axons in the optic nerve, progressive thinning of the neuro-retinal rim (increasing the cup size) found in glaucoma
92
what vision loss in cupping
tunnelling (brain fills in missing bits)
93
what is the treatment for a herpes simplex keratitis
aciclovir ointment or ganciclovir
94
what is a dendritic ulcer
herpes simplex keratitis
95
what do you never give to treat a dendritic ulcer
steroids- can cause corneal melt
96
what is ocular coherence tomography used for
wet macular degeneration shows zones of fluid leakage can be used for diabetic macular oedema
97
what does a CRVO look like
pale retina with a cherry spot macula- can see underlying arteries from choroid in macula
98
what causes sudden painless loss of vision with a number of CV risk factors
CRAO or CRVO
99
what is a hypopyon
pus fluid level in the eye
100
what are the signs of GCA
thickened wall of temporal artery, swollen disc
101
what is a hyphaema
fluid level of red blood cells in the anterior chamber- seen in blunt trauma
102
what type of hypersentivity is a corneal graft rejection
type 4
103
which cranial nerves are involved in afferent and efferent blink reflex
afferent: trigeminal V1 (nasocillary branch)- corneal sensation efferent- facial nerve the orbicularis oculi
104
what is blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelids (v common, often chronic)
105
what are the types of blepharitis
anterior (seborric- flakey white scales, drandruff on eyelashes) (s. aureus- more erythematic, oedematous) posterior (Meibomian (tarsal) gland dysfunction- too much secretion, associated with acne rosacea)
106
what are the symptoms of anterior blephritis
affects outer eyelid - red lid margin - scales, dandruff - seborrheic dermatitis - styes, ulcers, inflammation, distorted eyelashes, stains, keratitis itchy red sore eyes, burning sensation, photophobia
107
what are the symptoms of posterior blepharitis
affects inner eyelid - red, deep lid - swelling - dried secretions - gritty eyes - chalazia (eyelid cyst) - acne rosacea itchy red sore eyes, burning sensation, photophobia
108
what is the treatment for blephritis
``` lid hygiene (bathing, warm massage) topical chloramphenicol (short course) if acne rosacea- doxycycline incision/ currettage of chalazion furisidic acid ```
109
what is ectopion
lid margin rolls outward caused by age, VII palsy get watery eye Tx= surgery
110
what is entopion
lid margin rolls inward- lashes against globe caused by age get irritation, red eye, abrasion Tx= surgery
111
what is conjunctivitis - what can cause it
infammation of the conjunctiva | viral, bacterial, allergic
112
buzzwords: papillae and follicles
conjunctivitis papillae- bacterial and allergic follicles- viral and chlamydial
113
does conjunctivitis affect vision
not usually
114
what are the features of bacterial conjunctivitis
begins in one eye then spreads to other acute onset gritty eyes with purulent discharge (stuck together when wake up) minimal pain clear cornea chemosis (conjunctival oedema) and lid oedema papillae
115
what is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
``` self limiting (14 days) to speed up: -chloramphenicol -penicillin if gonococcal -fusidic acid (can swab but dont usually need to) ```
116
who gets chlamydial conjunctivitis
adolescents and YA | beware the red eye in the neonate
117
what are the features of chlamydial conjunctivitis
``` slow onset red eye discomfort purulent discharge palpable pre auricular node corneal vascularisation follicles ```
118
what is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis
topical erthyromycin | referal to GU/paediatrics
119
what viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis
adenovirus, herpes simplex + zoster, molluscum contagiosum
120
what are the features of adenovirus conjuctivitis
``` highly contagious follows URTI watery discharge chemosis lid oedema pseudomembrane follicles ```
121
what is the treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis
self limiting lubricants, hygiene if corneal involvement/intense inflammation then can use topical steroid
122
what are the features of herpes simplex conjunctivitis
unilateral affects eyelids + surrounding skin dendritic corneal ulcer palpable pre auricular node
123
what is the treatment for herpes simplex conjunctivitis
``` can be self limiting topical aciclovir (never steroids!!!) ```
124
what are the features of molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis
unilateral red eye that fails to improve pearly umbilicated nodules
125
what is the treatment for molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis
currettaging central lesion | short course topical prednisolone
126
is viral conjunctivitis water or dischargy
watery
127
what are the symptoms of corneal abrasion
``` severe needle like pain profuse watering decreased acuity photophobia circumcorneal redness hypopyon ```
128
what investigations into a corneal abrasion
fluoroscein drops + blue light | orange dye drops + blue light
129
what is the treatment for a corneal abrasion
topical anasthetic (oxybuprocaine) chloramphenicol drops steroids (heals better without)
130
what is keratitis
corneal inflammation
131
what can cause keratitis
``` trauma, foreign body viral (adeno, herpes simplex) bacterial (staph, strep, pseudomonas, acanthamoeba (contact lenses) blephartitis fungal (trauma from vegetation) ```
132
what are the symptoms of keratitis
``` diffuse injection, red eye photophobia gritty eye decreased vision needle like pain epiphora (excess lacrimation) opacity ``` ``` bacterial= hypopyon herpetic= v. painful fungal= slow growing ```
133
what investigations in keratitis
flouroscein, corneal scrape, gram stain
134
what is the treatment for keratitis
topical anaesthetic ofloxacin if bacterial aciclovir if herpetic
135
what is uveitis
``` inflammation of the uvea can be: anterior: iris and ciliary body -intermediate: ciliary body and choroid -posterior: back of eye, retina and choroid ```
136
what condition is common mistaken for conjunctivitis
uveitis
137
what is chorioretinitis
form of posterior uveitis | associated with cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis
138
what can cause uveitis
HLA-B27 gene: ankylosing spondylitis, reiters (reactive arthritis), UC, sarcoidosis) infective (TB, syphilis, herpes zoster and simplex) malignancy (leukaemia) idiopathic trauma
139
what are the symptoms of uveitis
``` unilateral pain decreased acuity photophobia red eye ciliary injection hypopyon (anterior) synchechiae (small irregular pupil) flashes and floaters ```
140
what is the treatment for uveitis
corticosteroid eye drops/ injections cycloplegic mydriatic drops (dilate the eye) rarely surgery/ immunosuppression
141
what is iritis
anterior uveitis
142
what are the features of anterior uveitis
``` red, painful eye photophobia injection normal/blurred vision cells, keratic precipitates hypopyon ```
143
what is the treatment for anterior uveitis
topical dexamethasone | mydriatics (pupil dilator)
144
what is episcleritis
inflammation below the sclera, usually idiopathic, sometimes associated with gout
145
what are the symptoms of episcleritis
``` acute onset mild pain/ discomfort tender globe, achy eye blue sclera normal acuity usually associated with a nodule ```
146
what is the treatment for episcleritis
self limiting | topical/systemic NSAIDs
147
what is scleritis and what is it associated with
severe inflammation throughout entire thickness of sclera V rare, more common in women associated with RA
148
what are the symptoms of scleritis
``` sub acute severe boring eye pain that radiates to forehead, brow and jaw local/ diffuse red eye violoceous hue (purple due to deep injected vascular plexus) tender globe watering photophobia gradual decrease in vision ```
149
what is the treatment for scleritis
oral NSAIDs/steroids

Opthalmology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions