Revision Questions Flashcards
Meiosis
a. Does not involve replication of DNA
b. Starts at the onset of puberty in the female ovaries
c. Occurs only in the gonads
d. Is responsible for multiplication of granulosa cells in the follicular phase of the ovarian phase
e. Is only completed in spermatozoa following fertilization of an ovum
C
Expl meiosis during oogenesis
Ovarian cycle
a. Consists of proliferation and secretory phases
b. Is controlled by FSH and LH from posterior pituitary
c. Involves development of only 1 primordial follicle in each cycle
d. Leads to release of secondary oocyte
e. Produces estrogens that exhibit negative feedback on hypothalamus throughout each cycle
D. Ovarian phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal; Uterine phases: menses, proliferative, secretory. FSH and LH from ant. Pituitary cause development of multiple follicles, non-dominant follicles regress and undergo atresia. Estrogen exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus at low levels, but has a positive effect when present in high levels
Menopause is
a. Followed by rise in FSH concentration
b. Caused by decline in hypothalamic function
c. Due to the fact that uterus has become less responsive to estrogens in a female after midlife
d. Seen in both males and females
e. Followed by rise in progesterone concentration
A. Can think of menopause as a depletion of follicles within the ovary. Once no more follicles are available, estrogen production by granulosa cells cannot take place, resulting in the removal of –ve feedback on the pituitary. FSH production rises as a result.
. In a normal, healthy 25-year old woman
a. Plasma LH is lowest concentration during 2 days prior to ovulation
b. Plasma FSH is lowest concentration during 2 days prior to ovulation
c. Plasma estrogen concentration is at its lowest during 2 days prior to ovulation
d. Ovulation is followed by a decline in plasma estrogen
e. Ovulation is followed by decline in plasma progesterone
E. Menstrual cycle is ~28 days long. Corpus luteum degeneration to corpus albicans is followed by menstruation approx. 1-2 days later
All of the following are correct except, progesterone
a. Concentration in luteal phase is greater than in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle
b. Inhibits hypothalamus GnRH secretion
c. Stimulates respiration
d. Increases excitability of uterine tissue to contractile stimuli
e. Is found in adrenal glands
D. Recall that in late stages of pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit uterine contractility and prevent onset of labour
. Which of the following is not produced by placenta?
a. Oxytocin
b. hCG
c. somatomammotrophin
d. estrogen
e. progesterone
A
Wrt male reproductive function, which is incorrect?
a. Hypothalamus regulates spermatogenesis
b. Hypothalamus controls testerone secretion
c. Testosterone has paracrine effects
d. Oestrogens can be found in male
e. Inhibin is secreted by Leydig cells
E. Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells in the male and Granulosa cells in the female
Which would be effective in initiating labour?
a. Administer progesterone to mother
b. Administer oestrogen to mother
c. Administer LH to mother
d. Antagonist of prostaglandin F2a to mother
e. Mechanically dilating and stimulating the cervix
- E. Massaging and dilating the cervix causes release of oxytocin from post. Pituitary, resulting in labour onset. Prostaglandins stimulate contractions (therefore, D, which mentions antagonists, is the wrong option) while progesterone inhibits them
In order to restore fertility in a hypophysectomized adult male, it is necessary to administer:
A. gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
B. gonadotrophins
C. prolactin
D. inhibin
E. steroid hormones
- B. Hypophysis (pituitary gland) usually produces FSH and LH to act on testes, replacing them will restore fertility. While administering GnRH can stimulate the pituitary to release LH and FSH, in a hypophysectomized male, the pituitary is not present to respond to GnRH. Therefore, simply administering GnRH would not lead to the release of these hormones.
In a normal adult male, the administration of a specific luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor inhibitor will lead to which one of the following sets of changes in plasma hormone concentration? With regard to Plasma LH, Plasma FSH, Plasma testosterone respectively?
A Increase, No change, Decrease
B No change Increase No change
C Decrease No change Decrease
D Increase Decrease Increase
E Increase Increase Decrease
E. LH normally induces release of testosterone from Leydig cells. Blocking the receptor will reduce testosterone levels. This removes the negative inhibition effect it has on FSH and LH, resulting in a rise in both
After a blastocyst implantation has occurred, the first missed menstrual period in a healthy female is the result of:
A. degeneration of the corpus luteum
B. formation of a trophoblast that secretes gonadotrophins
C. formation of a trophoblast that secretes osteogen and progesterone
D. decreased ovarian synthesis of osteogen and progesterone
E. increased placenta secretion of osteogen and progesterone
B. After implantation, syncitiotrophoblasts produce hCG, maintaining the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone, which suppress the ovarian cycle and maintain the endometrium respectively
. Which one of the following statements is FALSE? Testosterone:
A. is produced by foetal testes
B. inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion from the pituitary gland
C. is a prooestrogen
D. is inactivated when converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
E. is produced in the female
D. DHT is more active than testosterone
A 32-year old woman is diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea and is suspected of intrauterine adhesions. Which of the following supports this diagnosis?
A. Presence of hot flushes
B. Low follicle-stimulating hormone levels
C. Normal oestrogen levels
D. Monophasic basal body temperature chart
E. Enlargement of her uterus
- C. Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman’s syndrome) refer to scarring of the endometrium, possibly caused by surgery. Scarring prevents the endometrium from being shed normally. Therefore, even if sex hormones function normally (normal oestrogen levels), menstruation cannot take place.
* Hot flush indicates a fall in FSH and estrogen, occurs commonly in menopause
* Monophasic body temperature indicates disruption of cycle, as temperature usually rises during secretory phase
* Enlargement of uterus potentially indicates pregnancy, which could also cause amenorrhea
Common investigations of a breast lump include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) Ultrasound examination
B) CT scan
C) Fine needle aspiration biopsy
D) Mammogram
E) Core biopsy
B
Lymphatic vessels from the anal canal, below the pectinate line, drain into which lymph nodes?
a. para-aortic
b. superior mesenteric
c. internal iliac
d. superficial inguinal
e. inferior mesenteric
D. Above PECTINATE LINE: Lymph drains into the internal iliac lymph nodes
Below PECTINATE LINE: Lymph drains into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
The ischiocavernosus muscle is found in the:
a. true pelvis
b. superficial perineal space
c. deep perineal space
d. ischiorectal fossa
e. around the bulb of the penis
B. The superficial perineal space/ pouch is a fully enclosed compartment. Its superior border is the perineal membrane while its inferior border is the fascia of perineum. Yes, it contains the ischiocavernosus muscle!
In the male, during a rectal examination, each of the structures below can be palpated
(felt) EXCEPT for the:
a. prostate
b. sacrum
c. ductus deferens
d. coccyx
e. ischial tuberosity
C
What are the walls of the ischorectal fossa?
Lateral wall:
Medial wall:
Inferior wall:
Superiomedial wall:
Superiolateral wall:
Lateral wall: Ischium, obturator internus muscle (D), sacrotuberous ligament Medial wall: Levator ani muscle (A)
Inferior wall: Deep perineal pouch
Superiomedial wall: Levator ani muscle (A)
Superiolateral wall: Obturator internus muscle (D)