Diseases of the male genital tract Flashcards
What is Nodular Hyperplasia, and what are its main clinical manifestations?
Nodular Hyperplasia, also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, usually affecting older men. Clinically, it manifests as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as increased frequency of urination, nocturia, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying due to urethral compression.
What is the most common type of prostate cancer, and what are its key pathological features?
The most common type of prostate cancer is Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Pathologically, it is characterized by the presence of malignant glands that invade surrounding tissues, often with perineural invasion. It can be asymptomatic in early stages, but advanced disease may present with urinary symptoms, hematuria, or symptoms from metastases (e.g., bone pain).
Name two common infections of the penis and scrotum, and briefly describe their presentation.
Two common infections include:
Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by poor hygiene, fungal infections (Candida), or bacterial infections. It presents with redness, swelling, and discharge.
Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, usually due to bacterial infection. It presents with scrotal pain, swelling, and sometimes fever.
What causes Condyloma Acuminatum, and what are its clinical features?
Condyloma Acuminatum, or genital wart, is caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 6 and 11. Clinically, it presents as soft, flesh-colored growths on the genital and anal areas, which may be single or multiple, and can sometimes cause itching or discomfort.
What are the risk factors and key features of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
Risk factors include HPV infection, poor hygiene, phimosis, and smoking. Squamous Cell Carcinoma presents as a painless ulcer or mass on the penis, often with a history of chronic irritation or inflammation.
What is Cryptorchidism, and what are the potential complications if left untreated?
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. If untreated, it increases the risk of infertility, testicular torsion, and testicular cancer.
What is Testicular Torsion, and how does it present clinically?
Testicular Torsion is a surgical emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testis. It presents with sudden, severe scrotal pain, swelling, and nausea. Immediate surgery is required to save the testis.
What are common infectious causes of Orchitis, and how does it present?
Orchitis, inflammation of the testes, is often caused by bacterial infections (e.g., mumps virus or sexually transmitted infections). It presents with testicular pain, swelling, and sometimes fever.
What is the most common type of testicular tumor, and what is its typical presentation?
The most common type of testicular tumor is a Germ Cell Tumor, particularly Seminoma. It typically presents as a painless testicular mass, often detected incidentally. Advanced cases may present with symptoms of metastasis such as back pain or respiratory symptoms.
What is the difference between seminomatous and non-seminimatous GCT
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Nodular Hyperplasia in the prostate?
The pathophysiology of Nodular Hyperplasia (BPH) involves the proliferation of both stromal and epithelial cells in the periurethral zone of the prostate. It is driven by androgenic stimulation, particularly dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which promotes the growth of prostate tissue, leading to compression of the urethra and obstructive urinary symptoms.
How is Prostatic Adenocarcinoma graded, and what is the significance of the Gleason score?
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma is graded using the Gleason grading system, which assesses the architectural patterns of cancer cells on a scale from 1 to 5. The Gleason score is the sum of the two most prevalent patterns (e.g., 3+4=7). A higher Gleason score indicates a more aggressive and poorly differentiated tumor, correlating with a worse prognosis.
Describe the pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis often begins with chronic irritation and inflammation, leading to dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium. HPV infection, particularly types 16 and 18, plays a significant role in the carcinogenesis by integrating viral DNA into the host genome, disrupting tumor suppressor genes like p53 and Rb, and promoting malignant transformation.
How does HPV lead to the development of Condyloma Acuminatum, and what is its typical histological appearance?
HPV, particularly types 6 and 11, causes Condyloma Acuminatum by infecting the epithelial cells of the genital area, leading to cellular proliferation and formation of warty growths. Histologically, it is characterized by papillomatosis, acanthosis, and koilocytosis (cells with perinuclear halos), which are indicative of HPV infection.
Explain the pathophysiology of Testicular Torsion.
Testicular Torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, leading to vascular occlusion and ischemia of the testis. The twisting impairs venous drainage while arterial blood continues to enter, causing congestion and further swelling, ultimately leading to infarction if not promptly corrected
