Gynaecological Pathology Flashcards
What are the key components of the anatomy and embryology of the female genital system (FGS)?
The female genital system includes the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Key embryological structures include the Müllerian ducts, which develop into the upper part of the vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
What are the common infections affecting the vulva?
Common infections of the vulva include Herpes Simplex Virus (herpetic ulcers), Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causing genital warts and intraepithelial neoplasia, and Candida leading to vulvovaginitis.
What is Paget’s disease of the vulva, and how is it characterized?
Paget’s disease of the vulva is a rare adenocarcinoma that originates from primitive epithelial progenitor cells, often presenting as red, scaly patches on the vulva.
What are the common congenital anomalies of the vagina?
Common congenital anomalies of the vagina include vaginal agenesis, septate vagina, and vaginal atresia.
What is Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN), and how is it classified?
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN) is a premalignant condition of the vagina, classified into VAIN 1, 2, and 3 based on the extent of epithelial involvement.
How does Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina typically develop?
CCA of the vagina often develops in young women whose mothers were treated with Diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy, with a probable precursor being vaginal adenosis.
What are the major risk factors for cervical neoplasia?
Major risk factors for cervical neoplasia include early age at first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18), high parity, and smoking.
Describe the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer pathogenesis involves the integration of high-risk HPV DNA into the host genome, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes E6 (inactivates p53) and E7 (inactivates RB), disrupting cell cycle regulation.
What are the key features of Endometrial Hyperplasia?
Endometrial hyperplasia is characterized by glandular crowding and irregular shape, with or without atypia. It has a potential to progress to endometrial carcinoma, especially in cases with atypia.
