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repro > Male Genitals patho ANKI > Flashcards

Male Genitals patho ANKI Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 malignant neoplasms of the prostate. Which one is more common? (IMPT!!!) - […] - […] This the opposite of breast cancer, where […] > […].

A

Name 2 malignant neoplasms of the prostate. Which one is more common? (IMPT!!!) - Acinar adenocarcinoma (most common) - Ductal adenocarcinoma (less common) This the opposite of breast cancer, where DCIS > LCIS. Breast is ductal more common, prostate is acinar more common

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2
Q

In patients with enlarged prostate, what is the antigen test that is often done? What is a concern with this test? Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) level testing often done in patients with enlarged prostate, but significant false negatives and positives. What are the two main kinds of prostatic carcinoma? Which one is more common? - Acinar adenocarcinoma (more common) - Ductal adenocarcinoma

A

“In patients with enlarged prostate, what is the antigen test that is often done? What is a concern with this test? Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) level testing often done in patients with enlarged prostate, but significant false negatives and positives. What are the two main kinds of prostatic carcinoma? Which one is more common? - Acinar adenocarcinoma (more common) - Ductal adenocarcinom

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3
Q

In patients with enlarged prostate, what is the antigen test that is often done? What is a concern with this test? […] What are the two main kinds of prostatic carcinoma? Which one is more common? - […] - […] What is a common site that prostate carcinomas will metastasize to? […] Malignant neoplasms normally form in the peripheral zone (75% of cancers) BPH/ benign neoplasms normally form i

A

“In patients with enlarged prostate, what is the antigen test that is often done? What is a concern with this test? Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) level testing often done in patients with enlarged prostate, but significant false negatives and positives. What are the two main kinds of prostatic carcinoma? Which one is more common? - Acinar adenocarcinoma (more common) - Ductal adenocarcinom

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4
Q

Grading for prostate cancer is known as […]

A

Grading for prostate cancer is known as Gleason Grading The higher the gleason score, the more aggressive the cancer

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5
Q

Most common benign tumor of penis […]. It is associated with Human Papilloma Virus type […]

A

Most common benign tumor of penis Condyloma acuminatum (wart). It is associated with Human Papilloma Virus type 6 & 11 kon-dl-oh-muh uh-kyoo-muh-ney-tuhm

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6
Q

Penis carcinoma: […] is associated with HPV 16 and 18

A

“Penis carcinoma: Penis SCC is associated with HPV 16 and 18 ““16,18 Penis SCC 6,11 condyloma acuminatum”””

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7
Q

Penis carcinoma: Penis SCC is associated with […]

A

“Penis carcinoma: Penis SCC is associated with HPV 16 and 18 ““16,18 Penis SCC 6,11 condyloma acuminatum”””

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8
Q

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age […] They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases - raised serum hum

A

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases -

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9
Q

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly […] cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into […] vs […] Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases - raised serum hum

A

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases -

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10
Q

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - […] - […] - […] Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases - raised serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (beta s

A

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases -

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11
Q

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - […] Clinical tests: - […] - […]

A

Testicular tumors are mostly seen in young men age 20-30 (aka our decade) They are mostly germ cell tumours (95%) They can be categorized into Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous Predisposing factors: - Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) - Genetic factors - Testicular dysgenesis Clinical features: - Painless enlargement of testes Clinical tests: - raised serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in some cases -

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12
Q

Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous (NSGCT) 3 differences: Seminomatous […] Non-seminomatous […]

A

Seminomatous vs non-seminomatous (NSGCT) 3 differences: Seminomatous - (COMMONEST) - tend to remain localized for a long time - very radiosensitive - spread by lymphatics to para-aortic nodes - peak at 30-40yo Non-seminomatous - metastasize earlier - relatively radioresistant - spread by hematogenous route more commonly - embryogenic type peak at 20-30 yo sensitive middle-aged commoner don’t like

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13
Q

3 Examples of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT)? - […] - […] - […] 2017/18 MCQ An elderly man developed a left-sided testicular tumour. Which is MOST LIKELY the tumour? […] Elderly man + testicular tumor = lymphoma

A

3 Examples of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT)? - Embryonal carcinoma - Yolk sac tumor - Teratoma 2017/18 MCQ An elderly man developed a left-sided testicular tumour. Which is MOST LIKELY the tumour? Lymphoma Elderly man + testicular tumor = lymphoma

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14
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age over 50 Pathogenesis: - Testosterone is converted into DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by type 2 5-a-reductase - DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors –> production of growth factor –> growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma - progressive hyperplasia (not hypertrophy!!) occurs, forming nodules (most p

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age over 50 Pathogenesis: - Testosterone is converted into DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by type 2 5-a-reductase - DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors –> production of growth factor –> growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma - progressive hyperplasia (not hypertrophy!!) occurs, forming nodules (most p

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15
Q

Pts with urothelial carcinoma (invasive/non-invasive) are at risk of […]

A

“Pts with urothelial carcinoma (invasive/non-invasive) are at risk of synchronous/subsequent/recurrent urothelial tumours ANYWHERE in the urothelial tract Aka ““most expensive tumour”””

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16
Q

What are the two common pathology of the prostate gland? […]

A

What are the two common pathology of the prostate gland? BPH, prostatic carcinoma (acinar adenocarcinoma more common than ductal adenocarcinoma)

17
Q

BPH commonly occurs in the […] zone, hence causing […] urinary tract obstruction. Clinical symptoms of BPH? - […] - […] - […] Complications? (move up the KUB anatomy) - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

BPH commonly occurs in the transitional zone, hence causing lower urinary tract obstruction. Clinical symptoms of BPH? - Hesitancy,Urgency - Nocturia - Poor urinary stream Complications? (move up the KUB anatomy) - Bladder hypertrophy - Bladder distension w hypotonia (late)(aka bladder gives up) - Bladder diverticulum (like a hernia) - UTI (stasis of urine) - Urolithiasis - Hydronephrosis, Hydrour

18
Q

Which zone of the prostate does these diseases commonly occur at? (vvvvvvvv IMPT!!!!) Prostatic carcinoma: […] zone BPH: […] zone

A

“Which zone of the prostate does these diseases commonly occur at? (vvvvvvvv IMPT!!!!) Prostatic carcinoma: Peripheral zone BPH: Transitional zone Impt concepts! Memorize ““malignancy peripheral, BPH transitional”””

19
Q

What are the diagnostics for prostatic carcinoma? What are the flaws? - […] - […] Common type: […] Common met site: […]

A

What are the diagnostics for prostatic carcinoma? What are the flaws? - Serum PSA (prostate specific antigen)(not useful unless significantly elevated) - Core biopsy (inherent false negative rate due to sampling error aka needle miss the cancer cells then false mah) Common type: Acinar adenocarcinoma Common met site: Bones

20
Q

What is condyloma acuminatum? […] Distinct feature? […] What viruses is it associated with? […]

A

What is condyloma acuminatum? Benign tumour of penis on coronal sulcus, inner surface of prepuce Distinct feature? Clear vacuolation What viruses is it associated with? HPV type 6, HPV type 11

21
Q

Outline the clinical course of penis SCC - […] - […] - […] How to reduce risk? […]

A

Outline the clinical course of penis SCC - Slow growing - Locally invasive - met to inguinal/iliac lymph notes implies poor prognosis How to reduce risk? Circumcision lol (appears to be la not cfmed) Penis SCC –> HPV 16 & 18 Condyloma acuminatum –> HPV 6 & 11

22
Q

Unlike those in the ovary, epithelial tumours in the testicles are very […]

A

Unlike those in the ovary, epithelial tumours in the testicles are very uncommon Mainly germ cell (95%) (and seminomatous)

23
Q

Teratomas in males are always […]

A

Teratomas in males are always malignant!!! Recall that teratomas falls under NSGCT, which is associated with early mets

24
Q

Penis neoplasms […] –> HPV 16 & 18 […] –> HPV 6 & 11

A

Penis neoplasms Penis SCC –> HPV 16 & 18 Condyloma acuminatum (benign) –> HPV 6 & 11

25
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age over 50 Pathogenesis: […] Complications: […] Some clinical symptoms: - Hesitancy, Urgency - Nocturia - Poor urinary stream

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age over 50 Pathogenesis: - Testosterone is converted into DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by type 2 5-a-reductase - DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors –> production of growth factor –> growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma - progressive hyperplasia (not hypertrophy!!) occurs, forming nodules (most p

26
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age […] Pathogenesis: - Testosterone is converted into DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by type 2 5-a-reductase - DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors –> production of growth factor –> growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma - progressive hyperplasia (not hypertrophy!!) occurs, forming nodules (most pro

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia aka nodular hyperplasia is extremely common condition esp in men age over 50 Pathogenesis: - Testosterone is converted into DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by type 2 5-a-reductase - DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors –> production of growth factor –> growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma - progressive hyperplasia (not hypertrophy!!) occurs, forming nodules (most p

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