Revision- Military Campaigns in Wales and Scotland Flashcards
Name 3 main features of medieval warfare?
- Medieval warfare often involved battles between knights, foot soldiers, and archers.
- Armies used weapons like swords, spears, and bows.
- Warfare also included sieges of castles or towns, where attackers tried to break through walls and defenses.
Name 3 tactics were used in medieval warfare
- Common tactics included attacking with archers first to weaken the enemy,
- This followed by followed by cavalry charging into battle.
- Armies also formed shield walls or used pike formations to defend themselves from cavalry.
What was siege warfare, and how did it work?
Siege warfare involved surrounding and attacking a castle or town to force it to surrender. This could include building siege weapons like catapults, trebuchets, and siege towers to break down walls or protect soldiers as they approached.
How important was cavalry in medieval battles?
Cavalry (soldiers on horseback) was very important in medieval battles. They could charge quickly, break enemy lines, and chase down fleeing soldiers. Knights were usually part of the cavalry, wearing heavy armor and using lances or swords.
What was the role of infantry in medieval warfare?
Infantry were foot soldiers who fought on the ground. They often used weapons like swords, spears, and longbows. While cavalry attacked from a distance, infantry played a key role in holding the line and protecting the archers.
What were some common weapons used in medieval battles?
Common weapons included swords, spears, longbows, crossbows, and axes. Archers used longbows to shoot at enemies from a distance, while knights often used swords and lances in close combat.
What types of armor were used in medieval warfare?
Armor included chainmail shirts, which were flexible but tough, and plate armor, which covered the body with solid metal. Knights wore helmets and shields for protection. Armor was expensive and often limited to wealthy soldiers.
What caused Edward I’s Welsh Wars in 1277 and 1282-83?
Edward’s Welsh Wars were caused by Edward wanting to control Wales. In 1277, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Prince of Wales, resisted Edward’s rule. In 1282-83, Llywelyn’s (the prince of wales’s) death and further resistance led to full conquest by Edward.
What happened during Edward I’s Welsh campaign of 1277?
In 1277, Edward invaded Wales to crush the rebellion of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Edward’s army was much larger and better equipped, and they quickly forced Llywelyn to surrender. This led to Edward taking control of much of Wales.
What happened during Edward I’s Welsh campaign of 1282-83?
In 1282-83, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (prince of Wales) was killed, and his brother, Dafydd, continued the fight. Edward’s forces crushed the Welsh resistance and completed the conquest of Wales. Edward built castles in key locations to control the region.
What were the consequences of Edward I’s Welsh Wars?
After the Welsh Wars, Edward established direct control over Wales, including building many castles to secure his rule. The Welsh were unhappy with English rule, leading to rebellions. Edward’s son, Edward II, was given the title “Prince of Wales” to show English dominance.
Why did Edward I build castles in Wales?
Edward built castles in Wales to control the land and prevent future Welsh rebellions. The castles were expensive but effective for maintaining royal authority and protecting the new English settlers in Wales.
What were the costs of building castles in Wales?
Building castles was very expensive. The construction of each castle required a large workforce and significant resources. Edward also needed to maintain them with soldiers and supplies, which added to the cost of his campaigns.
Name 3 consequences of building castles in Wales?
- they cause resentment amongst the welsh.
- They were symbols of English oppression
- welsh saw them as reminder of their defeat and oppression.
What were the main issues in the Scottish succession crisis?
The Scottish succession crisis began after the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. There were several claimants to the throne, including John Balliol and Robert the Bruce. Edward I was asked to decide who should be king, and he took advantage of the situation to control Scotland.
What was the “Great Cause” in Scotland?
The “Great Cause” was the competition between different claimants to the Scottish throne after Alexander III’s death. Edward I was involved in choosing a new king, but he used the opportunity to assert his power over Scotland, which angered the Scots.
What role did William Wallace play in the First War of Scottish Independence?
William Wallace was a Scottish leader who led a rebellion against English rule in the late 1290s. He won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 and became a symbol of Scottish resistance. Wallace’s revolt was a key moment in the First War of Scottish Independence.
What were the key battles of the Scottish Wars of Independence?
Key battles include the Battle of Stirling Bridge (1297), where Wallace defeated the English, and the Battle of Falkirk (1298), where Edward I defeated Wallace. Later, the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) was a major victory for the Scots under Robert the Bruce.
How did Edward I respond to William Wallace’s rebellion?
Edward I responded to Wallace’s rebellion by gathering a large army and defeating Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. Wallace was captured in 1305, executed, and became a martyr for Scottish independence.
What was Edward I’s reputation as the “Hammer of the Scots”?
Edward I earned the nickname “Hammer of the Scots” because of his brutal and determined efforts to crush Scottish resistance. His campaigns in Scotland were harsh, and he used force to try to bring Scotland under English control, but his actions made him hated by many Scots.
