revision lecture Flashcards
1
Q
critical thinking
A
a method of evaluating information and argument’s, analyzing them logically and making a reasoned judgement
2
Q
why is critical thinking important?
A
it is vital in all aspects of life, particularly in kin, to make evidence-based decisions in sports science and health
3
Q
key concepts for critical thinking
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1: evaluating arguments and their logic
2: recognizing biases that may distort reasoning
4
Q
beliefs
A
- can be true or false
- when expressed in a declarative sentence, it becomes a claim
5
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claims (the two types)
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1: objective claim
2: subjective claim
6
Q
objective claim
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true or false, independent of personal feelings
(ie.the sky is blue)
7
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subjective claim
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true or false based on personal opinions or feelings (i.e. pizza is the best meal”)
8
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arguments
A
- consist of premises leading to a conclusion
9
Q
cognitive biases
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- biases affect conclusions and reasoning, driven by external (cultural, social) and internal influences (emotional, psychological)
- importance of recognizing biases like confirmation bias, anchoring, etc.. in research and practice
10
Q
ethics in kinesiology
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- deals with questions of good, right, duty, obligation, and virtue.
- focus on making defensible ethical decisions based on impartially applied reasons.
11
Q
situational issues
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application of critical thinking when evaluating sports techniques, training programs, or nutritional recommendations
12
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real-world application
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analyzing the validity of different training methods based on evidence
- ethical considerations in sports, such as fair play and doping
13
Q
Aristotelian virtue of ethics
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1: focus on virtues as habits for a flourishing life
2: virtues are the mean between two extremes
3: eudaemonia (flourishing) as the ultimate human goal
14
Q
deontological ethics (Kantian)
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1: morality based on rules and duties
2: actions are judged by their adherence to categorical imperatives
3: treat individuals as ends, not means
(is an ethical framework that emphasizes the importance of duty, rules, and principles in determining the morality of an action.)
15
Q
utilitarianism (Mill’s)
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1: right actions maximize happiness and minimize suffering
2: evaluation based on consequences of actions
16
Q
existentialism
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1: emphasizes individual freedom and responsibility
2: authenticity and good faith as central values
17
Q
ethical theories
A
1: Aristotelian virtue of ethics
2: deontological ethics (Kantian)
3: utilitarianism (Mills)
4: existentialism
5: formalism
18
Q
formalism
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1: focus on adherence to established game rules
2: efficiency is sacrificed for the challenge provided by rules
19
Q
conventionalism
A
- importance of unwritten, agreed-upon norms or conventions within sports
- these conventions shape how rules are interpreted and applied
20
Q
broad internalism (interpretivism)
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- viewing sports as a mutual quest for excellence through challenges
- emphasizes underlying purposes and values of the game
21
Q
what are the types of arguments
A
1: deductive
2: inductive
22
Q
deductive argument
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premise provide conclusive proof for the conclusion if true
23
Q
inductive argument
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premises support the conclusion but do not ensure it
24
Q
unstated premises and conclusions
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awareness of implicit elements within arguements
25
what are the means of persuasion?
1: ethos = credibility
2: pathos = emotional appeal
3: logos = logical reasoning
26
the 4 principles by Beauchamp and childress
1: respect for autonomy
2: non-maleficence
3: beneficence
4: justice
27
vagueness
occurs when a word or phrase's meaning is unclear about what it includes or excludes
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importance of vagueness
critical in law, everyday communication, and setting precise standards (eg. speed limits)
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intentional use of vaugeness
sometimes used to avoid giving a precise answer in sensitive situations
30
ambiguity
occurs when a word, phrase, or sentence has multiple meanings
31
types of ambiguity
1: semantic = multiple meanings of words
2: syntactic = structure causes confusion)
32
Generality
refers to how broadly a term can be applied, often lacking specificity
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what are examples of generality?
- terms like "fair play" and "sportsmanship" are both vague and general
34
3 types of purposes of definitions
1: lexical
2: precising
3: persuasive
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lexical
ordinary meaning
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precising
more precise in a specific context
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persuasive
to influence emotions nad opinions
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the importance of defining words
clear definitions can prevent misunderstandings and manipulation
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credibility
- evaluation of claims should consider both the content of the claim and the credibility of the source
credible and non-credible claims
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evaluating the content of claims
- claims should not conflict with established knowledge or credible sources
- analysis of how personal observations and general knowledge can impact the acceptance of a claim
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the credibility of sources
- impact of the sources background, experience, and potential biases on credibility
- distinction between interested parties (biased) and disinterested parties (unbiased)
42
critical thinking in media and advertising
- understanding the role of media ownership and advertising in shaping information
- recognizing bias and manipulative strategies in media and advertising
43
logical fallacies
common logical fallacies in arguments is crucial to understand.
- fallacies disrupt the logic of an argument, leading to invalid or weak conclusions
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types of logical fallacies
1: ad hominem fallacy
2: straw man fallacy
3: false dilemma
4: begging the question
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ad hominem fallacy
attacking the person rather than the argument
3 types:
1: poisoning the well
2: guilt by association
3: genetic fallacy
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straw man fallacy
misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
- arguers create a distorted version of the opposing argument, making it easier to contend against
47
false dilemma
presenting two options as the only possibilities, when more may exist
- limiting options unfairly, presenting a situation as having only two possible outcomes
48
begging the question
a circular argument where the conclusion is included in the premise
49
poisoning the well
apart of ad hominem fallacy
- discrediting what a person might say by attacking their credibility beforehand
50
guilt by association
apart of ad hominem fallacies
- dismissing someone's argument by associating them with an unpopular group or idea
51
genetic fallacy
apart of ad hominem fallacies
- dismissing an argument based on its source rather than its merits
52
what are common fallacies?
1: affirming the consequent
2: denying the antecedent
3: undistributed middle
4: equivocation
5: amphiboly
53
example of affirming the consequent
if A, then B. B is true, therefore A is true (incorrect inference)
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example of antecedent
if A, then B. A is false, therefore B is false (invalid conclusion)
55
composition
attributes of individual parts are erroneously applied to the whole
56
division
attributes of the whole are erroneously applied to individual parts
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example of composition
just because individual politicians are popular does not mean the entire government is popular
58
division example
believing that if a team is excellent, each player must also be excellent independently.
59
equivocation and example
using a word in different meanings in an argument
ie. using "bank" to mean both the side of the river and a financial institution in an argument
60
amphiboly and example
ambiguity arising from poor sentence structure
ie. "flying plans can be dangerous" is it dangerous to fly planes or are planes that are flying dangerous?)
61
ethical considerations in anti-doping for sport
- WADA's criteria for banning substances: potential for enhancement, potential for harm, violation of the spirit of sport
- ethical implications of procedural justice and transparency in anti-doping practices
62
categorical logic
studies relationships of inclusion and exclusion among categories or classes
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deductive reasoning
relies on given premises to reach a definitive conclusion, proving it beyond doubt.
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categorical claims
1: A- claims: all S are P (universal affirmative)
2: E-claims: No S are P (universal Negative)
3: I-claims: some S are P (particular affirmative)
4: O-claims: Some S are not P (particular negative)
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venn diagrams
visual tool to represent categorical claims and their relationships
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categorical syllogisms
deductive arguments with two premises and a conclusion, all in categorical form
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components of categorical syllogisms
1: major term - appears in the predicate of the conclusion
2: minor term - appears in the subject of the conclusion
3: middle term = appears in both the premises but not in the conclusion
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the square of opposition
analyze the logical relationship between different types of categorical propositions
(contraries, subcontraries, contradictories)
69
standard form translation
converting everyday language into precise categorical terms
70
contradictories
a statement and its contradictory cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false at the same time. one must be true, and the other must be false
71
rules for testing validity
rule 1: negative premises vs conclusion
rule 2: distribution of the middle term
rule 3: distribution in conclusion
72
value judgements and the 3 types
value judgements are assessments concerning merit, desirability, or praiseworthiness
1: moral judgements
2: nonmoral judgements
3: aesthetic judgements
73
moral judgements
pertaining to right or wrong, ethical considerations
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nonmoral judgements
merchantability, usability, etc
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aesthetic judgements
beauty, artistry, and taste
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principles of moral reasoning
1: consequentialism
2: deontologism
3: virtue ethics
4: existentialism
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consistency principle
treat similar cases similarly unless distinguished by a morally relevant factor
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consequentialism
focus on the outcome for determining rightness
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deontologism
emphasis on duties and obligations
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virtue ethics
concentration on the virtues of the person involved
81
esistentialism
- emphasizes individual freedom and responsibility
- authenticity and good faith as central values
82
legal reasoning in kin
1: precedent (stare decisis): following previous judicial decisions
2: reasoning types
1: deductive reasoning: applying general rules to specific cases
2: inductive reaosning: forming general rules from specific incidents
83
rhetorical force
Refers to the persuasive power of language and argumentation used to influence readers opinion or attitudes
This may include using vivid language, emotional appeals (pathos), or rhetorical devices to make a claim more compelling or persuasive
84
probative weight
This refers to the value or strength of the evidence provided to support the claim in scientific writing.
Probative weight is determined by the quality, relevance, and reliability of the evidence presented, using experimental data, statistical analysis, peer-reviewed research, or logical reasoning.
85
Euphemism
The use of mild or indirect expressions used in place of harsh, unpleasant, or taboo words or phrases to soften the impact of the message or make it more socially acceptable.
86
what is this an example of "passed away" instead of "dead" or "died"
euphemism
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dysphemism
Refers to the use of harsh, offensive, or derogatory language to describe someone or something, often with their intention of eliciting negative emotions or attitudes.
88
what is this an example of "junkie" instead of "person with a substance abuse disorder"
dysphemism
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weasel words
Words or phrases that are intentionally vague, ambiguous, or misleading, often used to avoid making a direct commitment, assertion, or statement of fact.
Commonly used in persuasive writing, advertising, politics, and other forms of communication to manipulate perceptions or evade accountability
90
what would this be an example of "some people say" or "many experts agree"
weasel words
91
hyperbole
Figure of speech characterized by exaggerated or over-the-top language used for emphasis, or rhetorical effect.
It involves stretching the truth beyond literal accuracy to create a vivid or dramatic impression, often for humorous, dramatic, or persuasive purposes.
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