lecture 5: chapter 4

Question 1

the politics of sport

Answer 1

1: international olympic committee (IOC)
2: international Federations (iFs)
3: National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
4: world anti-doping agency
5: court of arbitration of sport

Question 2

the credibility of a claim

Answer 2

• depends on the credibility of its source. A credible source makes a credible claim more likely to be true and vice versa

Question 3

what are the two aspects to assess credibility:

Answer 3

1: claims
2: sources

Question 4

claims

Answer 4

• have a varying degree of credibility
• i.e. a claim that ducks can communicate in Morse code is not credible while a claim that they mate for life is credible

Question 5

credibility

Answer 5

• people vary in their credibility
• the credibility of a source can also change
• i.e. knowledgeable friends credibility decreases if he stands to gain from the information he provides

Question 6

what are the two questions that should be asked about a claim?

Answer 6

1: does the claim itself lack credibility?
- about the content of the claim

2: does the source of the claim lack credibility?
- about the credibility of the source

Question 7

assessing the content of the claim

Answer 7

• claims can be acceptable on their own but may conflict with personal observations or background knowledge. (drinking bleach can cure COVID-19)
• personal observations are the most reliable source of information about the world but can also be flawed

Question 8

what is the most reliable sources?

Answer 8

peer - reviewed article

Question 9

the credibility of sources: interested parties

Answer 9

• credibility of sources is as important as credibility of claims
• factors that influence credibility of a source include interested parties and disinterested parties

Question 10

interested parties

Answer 10

• (who stand to gain from our belief in a claim) should be viewed with more suspicion than disinterested parties

Question 11

the credibility of sources: physical and other characteristics

Answer 11

• physical characteristics, such as eye contact, sweating, and nervous laughter, are widely used to judge a person’s credibility but are largely irrelevant and worthless in determining it.
• other irrelevant features that we sometimes use to judge a person’s credibility include their gender, age, ethnicity, accent, and mannerisms, as well as their clothes and occupation

Question 12

the credibility of sources: expertise

Answer 12

• education, experience, accomplishments, reputation, and position are factors in determining a person’s expertise
• the reputation among experts in the same field is the most valuable

Question 13

credibility and the news media

Answer 13

• consumption of news on the web continues to increase, but condidence in news has decreased, with CNN only having a 30% rating for believavility
• media ownership has consolidated, with 90% of all media companies controlled by 5 companies in the US
• governments has been involved in the production of fake news reports
• there is a common perception of media bias, with conservatives believing it has a liberal bias and liberals believing it has a conservative bias

Question 14

advertising

Answer 14

• advertising can be defined as the art of convincing people to spend money
• ## it can be misleading or manipulative

Question 15

fallacy

Answer 15

• mistake of reasoning, wishful thinking, which occurs when we allow hopes and desires to influence our judgement and colour our beliefs

Question 16

what are the factors that induce the credibility of a score

Answer 16

1: interested parties
2: physical and other characteristics

Question 17

what are the two kinds of ads

Answer 17

1: those that offer reasons
2: those that do not

Question 18

ad’s that do not rely on reasons fall mainly into three categories

Answer 18

1: those that bring out feelings in us (e.g., through humor, pretty images, scary images, beautiful music, heartwarming scenes)

2: those that depict the product being used or endorsed by people we admire or think of ourselves as being like (sometimes these people are depicted by actors, sometimes not

3: those that depict the product being used in situations in which we would like to find ourselves.