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IP Secondary 3 Chemistry > (Revision) Kinetic Particle Theory > Flashcards

(Revision) Kinetic Particle Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

The kinetic particle theory states that…

A

all matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion

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2
Q

Solid: arrangement of particles

A

Closely packed in an orderly arrangement

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3
Q

Solid: forces between particles

A

Very strong forces of attraction

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4
Q

Solid: movement of particles

A

Vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions

Cannot move about freely

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5
Q

Solid: kinetic energy of particles

A

Very low

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6
Q

Solid: density

A

High (particles are close together)

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7
Q

Liquid: arrangement of particles

A

Less closely packed than in a solid, in a disorderly arrangement

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8
Q

Liquid: forces between particles

A

Strong forces of attraction

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9
Q

Liquid: movement of particles

A

Slide over one another

Can move freely throughout the liquid

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10
Q

Liquid: kinetic energy of particles

A

Low

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11
Q

Liquid: density

A

High (particles are close together)

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12
Q

Gas: arrangement of particles

A

Far apart in a random arrangement

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13
Q

Gas: forces between particles

A

Very weak forces of attraction

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14
Q

Gas: movement of particles

A

Not held in fixed positions

Move about rapidly in any direction

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15
Q

Gas: kinetic energy of particles

A

High

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16
Q

Gas: density

A

Low (particles are far apart)

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17
Q

solid → liquid

A

melting

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18
Q

liquid → gas

A

boiling

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19
Q

solid → gas

A

sublimation

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20
Q

gas → liquid

A

condensation

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21
Q

liquid → solid

A

freezing

22
Q

gas → solid

A

deposition

23
Q

Melting (describe the process in terms of kinetic particle theory)

A
  1. When a solid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously
  2. The particles vibrate faster as the temperature increases until the energy they gain is able to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them in their fixed positions
  3. At this point, the solid changes to a liquid.
24
Q

Freezing (describe the process in terms of kinetic particle theory)

A
  1. When a liquid is cooled, the particles lose kinetic energy and move slower.
  2. As the temperature continues to drop, the particles lose more energy until they do not have enough energy to move freely.
  3. At this point, the liquid changes to a solid.
25
Q

Sublimation occurs when ________

A

particles at the surface of the solid have enough energy to break away from the solid and escape as a gas

26
Q

Examples of substances that sublime

A

Iodine, ammonium chloride, dry ice (carbon dioxide)

27
Q

Boiling occurs at a ________ temperature whereas evaporation occur at ________ temperature

A

fixed

any

28
Q

Boiling is a ________ process whereas evaporation is a ________ process (speed)

A

quick

slow

29
Q

Boiling takes place ________ the liquid whereas evaporation takes place only ________

A

throughout

on the surface

30
Q

In boiling, ________ occurs whereas in evaporation, no ________occurs

A

bubbling

bubbling

31
Q

In boiling, temperature ________ whereas in evaporation, temperature ________

A

remains constant

may change

32
Q

In boiling, heat is supplied by ________ whereas in evaporation, heat is supplied by ________

A

energy source

surroundings

33
Q

Define “diffusion”

A

The net movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration i.e. down a concentration gradient

34
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Relative molecular mass
  3. Concentration gradient
  4. Thickness of the barrier
35
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion

36
Q

How does molecular mass affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Molecules with lower molecular masses (lighter) diffuse faster than those with higher molecular masses (heavier)

37
Q

How does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

As the concentration gradient becomes steeper, the rate of diffusion increases.

38
Q

How does thickness of the barrier affect the rate of diffusion?

A

As the thickness of the barrier increases, the rate of diffusion decreases

39
Q

Downward delivery is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

A
  • soluble in water

- more dense than air

40
Q

Upward delivery is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

A
  • soluble in water

- less dense than air

41
Q

Delivery over water is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

A
  • insoluble or slightly soluble in water

- less dense than water

42
Q

Ammonia is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

extremely soluble
less dense
upward delivery

43
Q

Hydrogen chloride is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

very soluble
denser
downward delivery

44
Q

Sulfur dioxide is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

very soluble
denser
downward delivery

45
Q

Carbon dioxide is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

slightly soluble
denser
delivery over water

46
Q

Chlorine is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

soluble
denser
downward delivery

47
Q

Oxygen is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

very slightly soluble
slightly denser
delivery over water

48
Q

Hydrogen is ________ in water and ________ than air

Use ________ to collect the gas

A

insoluble
less dense
delivery over water

49
Q

A gas can be dried by passing it through a ________

A

drying agent

50
Q

________ and ________ are used to dry most gases

However, they cannot be used to dry ________ gas

A

fused calcium chloride
concentrated sulfuric acid
ammonia

51
Q

________ is used instead to dry ________ gas by placing it on top of the gas.
It is not used to dry ________ gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and chlorine.

A

Quicklime (calcium oxide)
ammonia
acidic

IP Secondary 3 Chemistry (9 decks)

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