(Revision) Kinetic Particle Theory

Question 1

The kinetic particle theory states that…

Answer 1

all matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion

Question 2

Solid: arrangement of particles

Answer 2

Closely packed in an orderly arrangement

Question 3

Solid: forces between particles

Answer 3

Very strong forces of attraction

Question 4

Solid: movement of particles

Answer 4

Vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions

Cannot move about freely

Question 5

Solid: kinetic energy of particles

Answer 5

Very low

Question 6

Solid: density

Answer 6

High (particles are close together)

Question 7

Liquid: arrangement of particles

Answer 7

Less closely packed than in a solid, in a disorderly arrangement

Question 8

Liquid: forces between particles

Answer 8

Strong forces of attraction

Question 9

Liquid: movement of particles

Answer 9

Slide over one another

Can move freely throughout the liquid

Question 10

Liquid: kinetic energy of particles

Answer 10

Low

Question 11

Liquid: density

Answer 11

High (particles are close together)

Question 12

Gas: arrangement of particles

Answer 12

Far apart in a random arrangement

Question 13

Gas: forces between particles

Answer 13

Very weak forces of attraction

Question 14

Gas: movement of particles

Answer 14

Not held in fixed positions

Move about rapidly in any direction

Question 15

Gas: kinetic energy of particles

Answer 15

High

Question 16

Gas: density

Answer 16

Low (particles are far apart)

Question 17

solid → liquid

Answer 17

melting

Question 18

liquid → gas

Answer 18

boiling

Question 19

solid → gas

Answer 19

sublimation

Question 20

gas → liquid

Answer 20

condensation

Question 21

liquid → solid

Answer 21

freezing

Question 22

gas → solid

Answer 22

deposition

Question 23

Melting (describe the process in terms of kinetic particle theory)

Answer 23

1. When a solid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously
2. The particles vibrate faster as the temperature increases until the energy they gain is able to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them in their fixed positions
3. At this point, the solid changes to a liquid.

Question 24

Freezing (describe the process in terms of kinetic particle theory)

Answer 24

1. When a liquid is cooled, the particles lose kinetic energy and move slower.
2. As the temperature continues to drop, the particles lose more energy until they do not have enough energy to move freely.
3. At this point, the liquid changes to a solid.

Question 25

Sublimation occurs when ________

Answer 25

particles at the surface of the solid have enough energy to break away from the solid and escape as a gas

Question 26

Examples of substances that sublime

Answer 26

Iodine, ammonium chloride, dry ice (carbon dioxide)

Question 27

Boiling occurs at a ________ temperature whereas evaporation occur at ________ temperature

Answer 27

fixed | any

Question 28

Boiling is a ________ process whereas evaporation is a ________ process (speed)

Answer 28

quick | slow

Question 29

Boiling takes place ________ the liquid whereas evaporation takes place only ________

Answer 29

throughout | on the surface

Question 30

In boiling, ________ occurs whereas in evaporation, no ________occurs

Answer 30

bubbling | bubbling

Question 31

In boiling, temperature ________ whereas in evaporation, temperature ________

Answer 31

remains constant | may change

Question 32

In boiling, heat is supplied by ________ whereas in evaporation, heat is supplied by ________

Answer 32

energy source | surroundings

Question 33

Define "diffusion"

Answer 33

The net movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration i.e. down a concentration gradient

Question 34

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

Answer 34

1. Temperature 2. Relative molecular mass 3. Concentration gradient 4. Thickness of the barrier

Question 35

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 35

Increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion

Question 36

How does molecular mass affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 36

Molecules with lower molecular masses (lighter) diffuse faster than those with higher molecular masses (heavier)

Question 37

How does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 37

As the concentration gradient becomes steeper, the rate of diffusion increases.

Question 38

How does thickness of the barrier affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 38

As the thickness of the barrier increases, the rate of diffusion decreases

Question 39

Downward delivery is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

Answer 39

- soluble in water | - more dense than air

Question 40

Upward delivery is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

Answer 40

- soluble in water | - less dense than air

Question 41

Delivery over water is suitable for a gas ________ and ________

Answer 41

- insoluble or slightly soluble in water | - less dense than water

Question 42

Ammonia is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 42

extremely soluble less dense upward delivery

Question 43

Hydrogen chloride is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 43

very soluble denser downward delivery

Question 44

Sulfur dioxide is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 44

very soluble denser downward delivery

Question 45

Carbon dioxide is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 45

slightly soluble denser delivery over water

Question 46

Chlorine is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 46

soluble denser downward delivery

Question 47

Oxygen is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 47

very slightly soluble slightly denser delivery over water

Question 48

Hydrogen is ________ in water and ________ than air | Use ________ to collect the gas

Answer 48

insoluble less dense delivery over water

Question 49

A gas can be dried by passing it through a ________

Answer 49

drying agent

Question 50

________ and ________ are used to dry most gases | However, they cannot be used to dry ________ gas

Answer 50

fused calcium chloride concentrated sulfuric acid ammonia

Question 51

________ is used instead to dry ________ gas by placing it on top of the gas. It is not used to dry ________ gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and chlorine.

Answer 51

Quicklime (calcium oxide) ammonia acidic