Revision

Question 1

What is hyaline cartilage and what is it used for?

Answer 1

Watery content in matrix, resist compression smooth frictionless surface. (found at bone ends where articulation occurs).

Question 2

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

Answer 2

Aligns with stress, resist compression and tension. (found at articulation points where they experience compression and tension).

Question 3

What are the three different joints?

Answer 3

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Question 4

What is the tissue in each of the three joints

Answer 4

Fibrous- DFCT
Cartilaginous- Fibrocartilage tissue
Synovial- hyaline cartilage etc. (more complex)

Question 5

What is needed for a synovial joint?

Answer 5

Bone ends (articulation points) , Hyaline cartilage (smooth frictionless movement), joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane and ligaments.

Question 6

How is the synovial joint have more movement than the other two joints?

Answer 6

Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to provide lubrication between bone articulations, creating frictionless movement between bones.

Question 7

what are the two types of Ligaments

Answer 7

Capsular ligament (medial and lateral) 
Intracapsular ligament (anterior and posterior)

Question 8

What is the function of osteons

Answer 8

Longitudinal (lengthwise) unit with compact bone

Provide a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM.

Question 9

What is the function of the central canal?

Answer 9

Contain blood vessels and nerves

Question 10

What is the function of the lamellae

Answer 10

Series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal.
Form shape of osteons
Collagen fibres within lamellae resist forces

Question 11

What is the function of lucunae

Answer 11

Lakes for osteocytes

Question 12

What are the 4 cells that make up bone and their functions?

Answer 12

Osteognic cells- produce osteoblasts
Osteoblast - Makers
Osteocytes- Maintainers
osteoclast- Destroyers

Question 13

What is the function for canaliculi?

Answer 13

Channel for nutrients through ECM.

Question 14

What is the structure for compact bones?

Answer 14

Trabeculae

Question 15

What are the functions of trabeculae bone?

Answer 15

Canalicui- which go into the centre of the bone from the red marrow.

Lucuna- Run from the surface of the trabeculae to the interior. Because are much thinner so blood is able to defuse form the red marrow into the anterior.

Osteocyte- housed in lacuna in between lamellae/on surface.

Question 16

What is the axial skeleton and the function

Answer 16

To protect vital organs.

Bones of the core; skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx.

Question 17

What are the names of the vertebral column:

Answer 17

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum and coccyx.

Question 18

What causes osteoporosis?

Answer 18

OC> OB

Where osteoclasts and are greater than osteoblast.

Question 19

What is the endochondral ossification?

Answer 19

Bone development starts with hyaline cartilage model, which becomes replaces by calcified bone in the process called ossification. The primary centre of ossification is usually the diaphysis while the secondary centre of ossification is in the epiphysis. Until bone growth is completed, a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate remains. This structure allows the bone to increase in length. To increase bone width, osteoblast build bone beneath the periosteum, while osteoclasts break down bone from the endosteum.

Question 20

Bone growth:

Answer 20

On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, cartilage is formed. On the diaphysial side, cartilage is ossified, and the diaphysis grows in length.

Question 21

Why is cartilage avascular?

Answer 21

Contains no blood vessels. Nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through ECM. Because of this takes cartilage a long time to heal.

Question 22

Synovial joints and their movements?

Answer 22

The shape of the bond ends
the location and strength of the ligament
How far the associated muscle moves before it comes in contact with skin.

Question 23

How is the appendicular and axial skeleton connected?

Answer 23

Pectoral girdle- Scapula and clavicle

Hip girdle- Hip bones and sacrum.