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PATHO > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of cancer is gastric cancer ?

A

AdenocarcinomA

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2
Q

Colorectal cancer

Risk Factors

A

Polyps
Lack of fibre - faster transfer time
Bile salts remain

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3
Q

WhAt is gastritis ?

A

Irritating if gastric mucosa
NSAIDs can irritate
Helicobacter pylori

3 causes
- intrinsic factor

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4
Q

Peptic Ulcers / duodenal

A

Breakdown of mucosa
Increased acid secretion
Bleeding - iron deficient anemia

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5
Q

How is ammonia broken down

A 
Into Urea (amino acid )
Hydrogen 
Creatinine 
Urobilin 
Uric acid
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6
Q

Where does tubular reavosrpion take place ?

A

Proximal convuluted tubule

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7
Q

Control of salt . Hormones ?

A

AdH

Made in hypothalamus

Released from posterior pituitary

Kidneys have high oSmotic pressure for water re absorption

MaintIn sAlt and urea

Aldosterone
Causes re absorption of sodium
Increases activity of sodium pump / exchange with potassium in distal convoluted tubule

Releases via - reenin
Produced by fall in blood volume

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8
Q

AdH release ?

A

Triggered by oSmotic pressure

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9
Q

Acidosis effect

Alkalosis effect

A

Acidosis suppressed nervous system

Alkalosis increases nervous system - convulsions etc

Respiratory alkalosis - increased contraction

Renal compensation -

Respirator acidosis
Neural

Metabolic - kidney disease
Diabetes
IncrrSed ventilation

Metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting
Alkaline drugs

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10
Q

Kidneys cause of pre renal failure ?

Post renal failure

A

Fall in blood volume
DiareeH
Renal artery damage
Embolism

Kidney damage - glomerulitis? Problems with the vessels

Post renal -
Obstruction -stones / Tumor

Could be from bladder / prostate / urethra

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11
Q

Chronic renal failure ?

A

Causes by diabetes
Anemia can occur

Hypertension
Renal osteodytrophy

Nephrotic syndrome - key sign
Albumin in urine
Haemoturia

AssociAted with glomerula disease

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12
Q

Kidney Cancers ?

A

In children - nephroblastoma

Transitional cell carcinomas - pelvis/ kidney

Renal cell carcinoma - mostly elderly
Assc. Obesity
Hypertension
Smoking

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13
Q

Urinary cancers ?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

Smoking

Signs ?
Bleeding.

Mestastasises - lymph nodes liver / bone

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14
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Bacterial infection in kidney

Haemotogenous spread
Septicemia
Bacterial endo carcitis

Defective valves in the heart

Bacteria-
Urinary tract

Pressure on bladder / prostate infection
Backflow

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15
Q

Damage to glomeruli

A

Caused by diabetes

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16
Q

Calcium stones caused by?

A

Hyper calcemia

17
Q

Poly cystic kidney

A

Genetic

Cysts in liver

PATHO (8 decks)

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