endocrinology Flashcards
Describe acromegaly
from too much growth hormone (GH) in the body. The pituitary, a small gland in the brain, makes GH.
In acromegaly, the pituitary produces excessive amounts of GH.
excess GH comes from benign, or noncancerous, tumors on the pituitary
Why does acromegaly affect blood pressure and GLucose levels?
Excess GH: 1) stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, causing hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acid levels;
2) leads to both hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance, with compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Conversely, IGF-1 increases insulin sensitivity
Blood pressure could be due to kidneys
Complications of acromegaly?
joint pain , thicker skin, deepening of the voice, headaches, problems with vision.[
type 2 diabetes,
sleep apnea,
high blood pressure.
What blood test would you expect for somemone with thyroiditis?
A thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test is a blood test that is one of the go-to tests for diagnosing hypothyroidism.
Remember, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is not produced by your thyroid—it’s produced by your pituitary gland in your brain.
Diff between cortex and medulla?
The adrenal cortex releases various hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens)
while the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
what does aldosterone do?
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon
.It plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, plasma sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels
What does cortisol do?
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. When used as a medication, it is known as hydrocortisone.
It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland.[1]
It is released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration. It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.[2]
It also decreases bone formation.[3]
what does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
ACTH stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones from adrenal cortex cells, especially in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands.
Describe Addisons disease
Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.[1]
Symptoms generally come on slowly and may include abdominal pain, weakness, and weight loss.[1] Darkening of the skin in certain areas may also occur.[1]
Under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur with low blood pressure, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness.[1] An adrenal crisis can be triggered by stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection.[1
Describe Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.[3][8]
Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly.
[2] Women may have more hair and irregular menstruation.
[2] Occasionally there may be changes in mood, headaches, and a chronic feeling of tiredness.[2]
Can causeThinning of the skin and other mucous membranes: the skin becomes dry and bruises easily. Cortisol causes the breakdown of some dermal proteins along with the weakening of small blood vessels. In fact, the skin may become so weak as to develop a shiny, paper-thin quality which allows it to be torn easily.
Give some functions of Insulin
Increase of cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently glucose in muscle and adipose tissue
Increase of DNA replication and protein synthesis via control of amino acid uptake
Modification of the activity of numerous enzymes.
Some difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or its receptor and causes frequent urination.
There are four types of diabetes insipidus; 1) central diabetes insipidus, 2) nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 3) dipsogenic diabetes insipidus, and 4) gestational diabetes insipidus.
What is an OGTT
The glucose tolerance test is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood.[
A standard two-hour GTT (Glucose Tolerance test) is sufficient to diagnose or exclude all forms of diabetes mellitus at all but the earliest stages of development.
Longer tests have been used for a variety of other purposes, such as detecting reactive hypoglycemia or defining subsets of hypothalamic obesity. Insulin levels are sometimes measured to detect insulin resistance or deficiency.
Treating Diabetes insipidus?
Drink more water. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe desmopressin or DDAVP, which is a type of vasopressin. Desmopressin controls urine output, maintains fluid balance, and prevents dehydration.
Complicaitons of Diabetes mellitis?
Cardiovascular disease. ... Nerve damage (neuropathy). ... Kidney damage (nephropathy). ... Eye damage (retinopathy). ... Foot damage. ... Skin conditions. ... Hearing impairment. ... Alzheimer's disease.
