Cardiology Flashcards
Where do you listen for heart sounds?
To listen to the pulmonary valve the stethoscope is placed over the second intercostal space (the space between the 2nd and 3rd rib) left side of the patient’s sternum.
The aortic valve is heard over the 2nd intercostal space right side of the patient’s sternum.
The tricuspid valve is heard over the 5th intercostal space left side of the patient’s chest.
The mitral valve is heard over the 5th intercostals space inline with the middle of the collar bone.
What do we mean by the term ‘vital signs’ and what do they reflect? What are average ‘healthy’ ranges?
Body temperature
Pulse rate
Respiration rate (rate of breathing)
Blood pressure (Blood pressure is not considered a vital sign, but is often measured along with the vital signs.)
Normal is
Less than 120 mm Hg systolic pressure
and
Less than 80 mm Hg diastolic pressure
What is LVH?
What can cause the left ventricle to hypertrophy?
Left ventricular hypertrophy can develop in response to some factor — such as high blood pressure or a heart condition — that causes the left ventricle to work harder
As the workload increases, the muscle tissue in the chamber wall thickens, and sometimes the size of the chamber itself also increases. The enlarged heart muscle loses elasticity and eventually may fail to pump with as much force as needed.
Can also be caused by Aortic valve stenosis. This disease is a narrowing of the tissue flap (aortic valve) that separates the left ventricle from the large blood vessel leaving your heart (aorta). The narrowing of the aortic valve requires the left ventricle to work harder to pump blood into the aorta.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This genetic disease occurs when the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.
and athletic training
What are the major aetiologies of aortic stenosis (AS), aortic insufficiency (AI), mitral stenosis (MS), and mitral regurgitation (MR)?
Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and most serious valve disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening. Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also affect the pressure in the left atrium
Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle.
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually results from rheumatic fever,
Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts.
What is cardiac output?
The cardiac output is simply the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Necessarily, the cardiac output is the product of the heart rate, which is the number of beats per minute, and the stroke volume, which is amount pumped per beat. CO = HR X SV. The cardiac output is usually expressed in liters/minute.
What is stroke volume?
In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. … The stroke volumes for each ventricle are generally equal, both being approximately 70 mL in a healthy 70-kg man.
Venous return is?
Venous return is the rate of blood flow back to the heart. It normally limits cardiac output
What is Peripheral resistance ?
Peripheral resistance is the resistance of the arteries to blood flow. As the arteries constrict, the resistance increases and as they dilate, resistance decreases. Peripheral resistance is determined by three factors: Autonomic activity: sympathetic activity constricts peripheral arteries
What affects peripheral resistance?
It is determined by the muscle tone in the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media and the elasticity of the elastic fibers there,
but the muscle tone is subject to continual homeostatic changes by hormones and cell signaling molecules that induce vasodilation and vasoconstriction to keep blood pressure and blood flow within reference ranges.
What drugs are used on the heart commonly?
ARBs. ... Anticoagulants. ... Antiplatelets. ... Beta-blockers. ... Calcium channel blockers.
Describe Arteriolosclerosis
and
Atherosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease involving hardening and loss of elasticity of arterioles or small arteries and is most often associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. …
Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque.
What is Preload?
What is Afterload?
In cardiac physiology, preload is the end diastolic volume that stretches the right or left ventricle of the heart to its greatest dimensions under variable physiologic demand.
Afterload is the pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole. In other words, it is the end load against which the heart contracts to eject blood.
Describe DVT
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg. Blood clots that develop in a vein are also known as venous thrombosis. DVT usually occurs in a deep leg vein, a larger vein that runs through the muscles of the calf and the thigh
What is PE?
Pulmonary embolism is the sudden blockage of a major blood vessel (artery) in the lung, usually by a blood clot . In most cases, the clots are small and are not deadly, but they can damage the lung. But if the clot is large and stops blood flow to the lung, it can be deadly.
Describe Angina
Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually due to not enough blood flow to the heart muscle.
Angina is usually due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. Other causes include anemia, abnormal heart rhythms, and heart failure.
