Pulmonary

Question 1

What causes pneumonia ?

Describe it

Answer 1

Bacteria / Virus/ secondary to pre existing disease . Weak immune system such as after stroke.

lobular (a lobe segment is affected)
lobar (an entire lobe is affected)
bronchopneumonia (affects bronchioles and adjacent alveoli)
interstitial (inflammation affects the interstitial tissue, mainly the alveolar walls)

People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough, fever accompanied by shaking chills, shortness of breath, sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths, and an increased rate of breathing.[8] In the elderly, confusion may be the most prominent sign.[8]
Dullness of percussion
Coughing up bloody sputum

Legionnaires disease is another form
Aspiration pneumonia - from a blocked pipe

Question 2

Describe tuberculosis ?

Answer 2

Droplet inflection spreads it
Significant nail clubbing may also occur.

Cows can spread / milk

Primary and secondary affects the mid zone of the lungs
Then affects lymph nodes ( primary )
Starts as primary then spread into secondary as it affects upper lung / lumbar spine / causes pots disease

Can spread to skin and t spine, gut, bones, CNS

Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen’s aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding

Question 3

Did between tb and pneumonia ?

Answer 3

Spread of granulomas cause collapse of tissue
Tb cause collapse of lung

Tb causes night sweats , sounds different , coughing up blood etc
TB much much worse

Question 4

Thromboembolism , causes ,

Answer 4

Causes chest pain , difficulty breathing , possible heart failure
Depend on size

Question 5

Chronic bronchitis?

Emphysema

Answer 5

Cb-
Occluded airways on expiration hearing wheeze

Bronchitis - cough and sputum for 2 consecutive years
Chronic bronchitis is the opposite of emphysema. This condition causes a person’s lungs to become very inflamed. Bronchitis commonly affects the windpipe and passageways of the lungs and is the result of severe irritation or infection. It can be a brief illness, or ongoing (chronic). The body’s natural reaction to chronic bronchitis is to clear the air passages, resulting in severe coughing.

Emphysema

Cavities in alveoli also affects elasticity of the lung
Emphysema involves the gradual destruction of the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli), hindering breathing. Alveoli are responsible for providing oxygen to the bloodstream. Over time, emphysema weakens the alveoli and destroys the elasticity of pulmonary airways. As a result, emphysema sufferers experience shortness of breath and a constant struggle to breathe.

Question 6

Asthma is

Answer 6

Narrowing of air ways
Can be
Drug induced

Occupational

Sub clinical - triggered by pollution

Atopic astmah - family history

Ig e -

Question 7

Pnuemonia risk factors?

Answer 7

Cystic fibrosis,

COPD, 
asthma,
 diabetes, 
heart failure,
 history of smoking

Question 8

What is POTS diseasE?

Answer 8

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition in which a change from lying to standing causes an abnormally large increase in heart rate.[1] This occurs with symptoms that may include lightheadedness, trouble thinking, blurry vision, or weakness.[1] Other commonly associated conditions include irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia, chronic headaches, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, fibromyalgia.[1]