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Year 7-8 Advance Science > Revision > Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Platelets

A

Involved with blood clotting

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2
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

An immune system that fights infections

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A 
Erythrocytes
Carries oxygen (hemoglobin) and has no nucleus
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4
Q

Artery

A

Muscular and high pressure

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the body

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5
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure and thin

Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

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6
Q

Valves

A

Stop backflow

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7
Q

Lungs

A

Removes carbon dioxide from blood and adds oxygen

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8
Q

Esophagus

A

Part of the digestive system

Tube connecting the mouth and the pharynx with the stomach

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9
Q

Small intestines

A

Part of the digestive system
In between the stomach and large intestine.
Where the digestion of food and absorbs nutrients such as glucose and water

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10
Q

Oral cavity

A

Where food enters and gets broken down

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11
Q

Stomach

A

Stores food and mixes it with gastric acid

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12
Q

Large intestines

A

Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from u digested food

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13
Q

What does gastric juice contain

A

Mucus, Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes

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14
Q

Mucus

A

Protects stomach cells from acids and digestive enzymes

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15
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Kills bacteria, protecting the stomach from infections

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16
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Found in gastric juice which is pepsin

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17
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down protein in food into amino acids

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18
Q

Inspiration

A

Air rushing into the lungs

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19
Q

Expiration

A

Air forced out of the lungs

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20
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

We contract out diaphragm, pulling it down and making it flat
We contract our intercostal muscles pulling our ribs up

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21
Q

What do we do when we exhale?

A

We relax our diaphragm so it moves upwards and curves

We relax our intercostal muscles pulling our ribs down

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22
Q

Position when inhaling

A 
Mouth 
Nasal cavity
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
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23
Q

Position when exhaling

A 
Alveoli
Bronchioles 
Bronchi
Trachea 
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Mouth
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24
Q

Gas exchange

A

Oxygen is moved into the bloodstream for cells to take up and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream into the lungs so it can be breathed out

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25
Q

Alveoli

A

Moist, thin and tiny air sacks

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26
Q

Villi

A

Increases the surface area of the small intestine making it easier to absorb nutrients

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27
Q

First section of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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28
Q

Peristalsis

A

Pushing food along the small intestine by the action of muscle

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29
Q

Proteases

A

Digests protein forming amino acids in the pancreas

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30
Q

Amylase

A

Digests carbohydrates such as starch forming sugar in the pancreas

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31
Q

Lipases

A

Digests fat, oil, fatty acids and glycerol in the pancreas

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32
Q

Liver

A

Produces a liquid called bile

Removes toxins from the blood and stores glucose

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33
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile after it is produced

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34
Q

Bile duct

A

Carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

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35
Q

Four types of teeth

A

Incisors, premolars, molars and canines

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36
Q

Saliva

A

Lubricates food so it is easier to go down the throat.

Contains amylase

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37
Q

Incisors

A

To bite pieces of food so they are small enough to chew. They have a sharp edge

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38
Q

Premolars and molars

A

Grind the food into smaller pieces

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39
Q

Canines

A

Used to hold food

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40
Q

Rectum

A

At the end of the large intestine and holds waste

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41
Q

Epiglottis

A

Blocks windpipe while swallowing

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42
Q

Bile

A

Helps the body digest fat

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43
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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44
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Carries oxygenated to the heart from the lungs

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45
Q

Aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

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46
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaking down food physically

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47
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaking down food using chemicals

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48
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of foods, acids, mucus and enzymes

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49
Q

The crust

A

Outer layer of the earth

Solid rock layer

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50
Q

The mantle

A

Made up of magma
Upper part of the mantle is hard and made out of rocks
Lower part is soft and starting to melt

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51
Q

Outer core

A

Surrounding the inner core
It’s a liquid layer made up of iron and nickel
It is hot

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52
Q

Inner core

A

Hottest part of the Earth
Solid and made up of iron and nickel
It is very hot

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53
Q

Atmosphere

A

Layer of gas surrounding a planet

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54
Q

Folding

A

The bending of rocks due to forces beneath the surface

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55
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Contains crystals

Magma cooled down

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56
Q

Plutonic/Intrusive rocks

A

Rocks formed from inside the Earth

Contain large crystals so they cool down slow

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57
Q

Volcanic/Extrusive rocks

A

Rocks that form above the Earth’s surface

Contains small crystals so they cool down fast

58
Q

Density

A

How much mass an object has

59
Q

Three types of volcanoes

A

Shield, cinder and composite cone

60
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Crust that covers the ocean
More dense than continental crust
Made up of basalt
Thinner than the continental crust

61
Q

Continental crust

A

Crust that covers the surface of the Earth
Made up of granite
Less dense than oceanic crust
Thicker than oceanic crust

62
Q

Epicentre

A

Point that is vertically above the focus

63
Q

Focus

A

Location where the earthquake starts

64
Q

Pangaea

A

Giant landmass when the continents were once joined

65
Q

Evidence for continental drift

A

Coastlines of continents fit together, same fossils, same rocks found on different continents and coals found in cold areas and glaciers found in tropical areas

66
Q

Who made the theory about continental drift

A

Alfred Wagener

67
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

Chain of volcanoes on the sea floor that creates new oceanic crust. The seafloor expands away from the volcano as new crust is created

68
Q

Lithosphere

A

Rigid, cool layer that consist of the crust and the very top of the mantle.
It’s on top of the asthenosphere

69
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Soft layer

It is hot and can move underneath the lithosphere

70
Q

Convection

A

When hot materials rise and cold materials sink

71
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Rigid lithosphere is divided into huge plates that floats on the asthenosphere

72
Q

Divergent

A

When plates move apart from each other

New crust is created eg. Mid Atlantic Ridge

73
Q

Convergent

A

When plates collide creating subduction zones
Hot magma rises to the Earth’s surface creating volcanoes
Crust is destroyed

74
Q

Subduction zones

A

When one plate is pushed under another plate
The denser plate is pushed under the less dense one
Generates a lot of heat turning rocks into magma

75
Q

Continental collision

A

One continent pushes into another causing the crust to fracture making mountains

76
Q

Transform boundary

A

Plates sliding past each other
Crust is not created or destroyed
Many earthquakes happens eg. San Andreas Fault

77
Q

Faults

A

When plates move and apply huge force to the rocks, fracturing it

78
Q

Three different faults

A

Slip strike Fault
Normal fault
Reverse Fault

79
Q

Fault lines

A

Created when plates move and fracture the rocks

80
Q

Strike Slip faults

A

When two plates slide and scrape against each other this causes the rocks to become horizontally offset.

81
Q

Normal fault

A

When two plates are pulled apart from each other

This causes the rocks to be vertically offset

82
Q

Reverse faults

A

When two plates move toward or into each other

This causes the rocks to become vertically offset

83
Q

Hotspot

A

Body of magma under the lithosphere
The magma rises up to the Earth’s surface forming volcanoes. The lithosphere moves due to plate tectonic and move away from the hotspot. Magma rises again creating new volcanoes creating a chain of volcanoes

84
Q

Earthquakes

A

Occur at fault lines because of friction between the plates creating energy. When released an earthquake happens

85
Q

Two types of seismic waves

A

P and S waves

86
Q

P waves

A

Vibrates back and forth

Faster than S wave

87
Q

S wave

A

Vibrates side to side

Slower than P wave

88
Q

Magnitude

A

How much energy released from an earthquake

89
Q

Central nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

90
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of sensory and motor neutrons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and detects and respond to change

91
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell that carries electrical messages

92
Q

Nerves

A

A bundle of neurons

93
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything the body senses. They are detected by receptors

94
Q

Receptors

A

Organs or cell that detect changes in your internal or external environment. When a receptor detects a stimulus, it sends messages to the control centre. There are 4 receptors

95
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detects light. Cones detect colour and DSL detect black and white colours

96
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detects mechanical forces such as pressure or vibration

97
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects chemicals

98
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detects temperature

99
Q

Control centre

A

Received messages from the receptors and uses it to decide what the body need to do. The control centre sends signals to parts of the body called effectors eg. Brain

100
Q

Effectors

A

Receives signals from the control centre eg. Glands, muscles

101
Q

Response

A

If it is cold outside, the muscle are the effectors and shivering is the response.

102
Q

Negative feedback

A

When the body acts against the stimulus

103
Q

Positive feedback

A

When the body amplifies the stimulus. Not useful in homeostasis but useful in childbirth and blood clotting

104
Q

Endocrine system

A

Uses hormones such as adrenaline, oestrogen and testosterone. Response is slow and long lasting

105
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Acts as a bridge between the endocrine system and he nervous system

106
Q

Cell body

A

Main part of the neuron

107
Q

Dendrites

A

Makesconnection to other cells and receives chemical messages from other neurons

108
Q

Axon

A

A cell that carries electrochemical messages along the cell

109
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fat and protein that helps to speed the transmission of a electrochemical message

110
Q

Nerve impulse

A

A type of electrochemical message that travel along an axon

111
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system

112
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Sends information back to the central nervous system

113
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between two different species that live in contact with each other

114
Q

Mutualism

A

Two organisms that live closely and both benefit

Eg. Pollination

115
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism feeds off another while living on or in it

Eg. Head lice

116
Q

Commensalism

A

Two organisms live closely, one benefits and the other is not affected
Eg. Elephants and birds

117
Q

Consumer

A

Eat other organism to survive

118
Q

Inputs

A

What goes into the ecosystem

119
Q

Output

A

What goes out of ecosystems

120
Q

Processes

A

Interaction between abiotic and biotic factors

121
Q

Producers

A

Produce their own food usin gsunlight

122
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> Top: Light Bottom: Chlorophyll 36H6O6 + 6O2

123
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

C3H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

124
Q

Ecology

A

Study of living things

125
Q

Environment

A

Set of living and non living factors in an area

126
Q

Ecosystem

A

Living and non living factors in an area and interact with each other

127
Q

Habitat

A

Where an organism lives

128
Q

Respiration

A

Breathe in oxygen and cells use oxygen and glucose to create energy

129
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power station for cells

130
Q

Decomposer

A

Breaks down dead things

131
Q

Detrivores

A

Get energy form eating waste

132
Q

Energy passed form one trophies level to another

A

10%

133
Q

Apex predators

A

Animal on the top of the food chain

134
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

Non living thing in an ecosystem

135
Q

Biotic Factor

A

Living parts of an ecosystem

136
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of different species

137
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species

138
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

139
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce

140
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring of two different animals

Year 7-8 Advance Science (10 decks)

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