Revision Flashcards
1
Q
Platelets
A
Involved with blood clotting
2
Q
White blood cells
A
Leukocytes
An immune system that fights infections
3
Q
Red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes Carries oxygen (hemoglobin) and has no nucleus
4
Q
Artery
A
Muscular and high pressure
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the body
5
Q
Veins
A
Low pressure and thin
Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
6
Q
Valves
A
Stop backflow
7
Q
Lungs
A
Removes carbon dioxide from blood and adds oxygen
8
Q
Esophagus
A
Part of the digestive system
Tube connecting the mouth and the pharynx with the stomach
9
Q
Small intestines
A
Part of the digestive system
In between the stomach and large intestine.
Where the digestion of food and absorbs nutrients such as glucose and water
10
Q
Oral cavity
A
Where food enters and gets broken down
11
Q
Stomach
A
Stores food and mixes it with gastric acid
12
Q
Large intestines
A
Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from u digested food
13
Q
What does gastric juice contain
A
Mucus, Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
14
Q
Mucus
A
Protects stomach cells from acids and digestive enzymes
15
Q
Hydrochloric acid
A
Kills bacteria, protecting the stomach from infections
16
Q
Digestive enzymes
A
Found in gastric juice which is pepsin
17
Q
Pepsin
A
Breaks down protein in food into amino acids
18
Q
Inspiration
A
Air rushing into the lungs
19
Q
Expiration
A
Air forced out of the lungs
20
Q
What happens when we inhale?
A
We contract out diaphragm, pulling it down and making it flat
We contract our intercostal muscles pulling our ribs up
21
Q
What do we do when we exhale?
A
We relax our diaphragm so it moves upwards and curves
We relax our intercostal muscles pulling our ribs down
22
Q
Position when inhaling
A
Mouth Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
23
Q
Position when exhaling
A
Alveoli Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Mouth
24
Q
Gas exchange
A
Oxygen is moved into the bloodstream for cells to take up and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream into the lungs so it can be breathed out
25
Alveoli
Moist, thin and tiny air sacks
26
Villi
Increases the surface area of the small intestine making it easier to absorb nutrients
27
First section of the small intestine
Duodenum
28
Peristalsis
Pushing food along the small intestine by the action of muscle
29
Proteases
Digests protein forming amino acids in the pancreas
30
Amylase
Digests carbohydrates such as starch forming sugar in the pancreas
31
Lipases
Digests fat, oil, fatty acids and glycerol in the pancreas
32
Liver
Produces a liquid called bile
| Removes toxins from the blood and stores glucose
33
Gallbladder
Stores bile after it is produced
34
Bile duct
Carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
35
Four types of teeth
Incisors, premolars, molars and canines
36
Saliva
Lubricates food so it is easier to go down the throat.
| Contains amylase
37
Incisors
To bite pieces of food so they are small enough to chew. They have a sharp edge
38
Premolars and molars
Grind the food into smaller pieces
39
Canines
Used to hold food
40
Rectum
At the end of the large intestine and holds waste
41
Epiglottis
Blocks windpipe while swallowing
42
Bile
Helps the body digest fat
43
Pulmonary arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
44
Pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated to the heart from the lungs
45
Aorta
Carries oxygenated blood to the body
46
Mechanical digestion
Breaking down food physically
47
Chemical digestion
Breaking down food using chemicals
48
Chyme
Mixture of foods, acids, mucus and enzymes
49
The crust
Outer layer of the earth
| Solid rock layer
50
The mantle
Made up of magma
Upper part of the mantle is hard and made out of rocks
Lower part is soft and starting to melt
51
Outer core
Surrounding the inner core
It's a liquid layer made up of iron and nickel
It is hot
52
Inner core
Hottest part of the Earth
Solid and made up of iron and nickel
It is very hot
53
Atmosphere
Layer of gas surrounding a planet
54
Folding
The bending of rocks due to forces beneath the surface
55
Igneous rocks
Contains crystals
| Magma cooled down
56
Plutonic/Intrusive rocks
Rocks formed from inside the Earth
| Contain large crystals so they cool down slow
57
Volcanic/Extrusive rocks
Rocks that form above the Earth's surface
| Contains small crystals so they cool down fast
58
Density
How much mass an object has
59
Three types of volcanoes
Shield, cinder and composite cone
60
Oceanic crust
Crust that covers the ocean
More dense than continental crust
Made up of basalt
Thinner than the continental crust
61
Continental crust
Crust that covers the surface of the Earth
Made up of granite
Less dense than oceanic crust
Thicker than oceanic crust
62
Epicentre
Point that is vertically above the focus
63
Focus
Location where the earthquake starts
64
Pangaea
Giant landmass when the continents were once joined
65
Evidence for continental drift
Coastlines of continents fit together, same fossils, same rocks found on different continents and coals found in cold areas and glaciers found in tropical areas
66
Who made the theory about continental drift
Alfred Wagener
67
Sea floor spreading
Chain of volcanoes on the sea floor that creates new oceanic crust. The seafloor expands away from the volcano as new crust is created
68
Lithosphere
Rigid, cool layer that consist of the crust and the very top of the mantle.
It's on top of the asthenosphere
69
Asthenosphere
Soft layer
| It is hot and can move underneath the lithosphere
70
Convection
When hot materials rise and cold materials sink
71
Plate tectonics
Rigid lithosphere is divided into huge plates that floats on the asthenosphere
72
Divergent
When plates move apart from each other
| New crust is created eg. Mid Atlantic Ridge
73
Convergent
When plates collide creating subduction zones
Hot magma rises to the Earth's surface creating volcanoes
Crust is destroyed
74
Subduction zones
When one plate is pushed under another plate
The denser plate is pushed under the less dense one
Generates a lot of heat turning rocks into magma
75
Continental collision
One continent pushes into another causing the crust to fracture making mountains
76
Transform boundary
Plates sliding past each other
Crust is not created or destroyed
Many earthquakes happens eg. San Andreas Fault
77
Faults
When plates move and apply huge force to the rocks, fracturing it
78
Three different faults
Slip strike Fault
Normal fault
Reverse Fault
79
Fault lines
Created when plates move and fracture the rocks
80
Strike Slip faults
When two plates slide and scrape against each other this causes the rocks to become horizontally offset.
81
Normal fault
When two plates are pulled apart from each other
| This causes the rocks to be vertically offset
82
Reverse faults
When two plates move toward or into each other
| This causes the rocks to become vertically offset
83
Hotspot
Body of magma under the lithosphere
The magma rises up to the Earth's surface forming volcanoes. The lithosphere moves due to plate tectonic and move away from the hotspot. Magma rises again creating new volcanoes creating a chain of volcanoes
84
Earthquakes
Occur at fault lines because of friction between the plates creating energy. When released an earthquake happens
85
Two types of seismic waves
P and S waves
86
P waves
Vibrates back and forth
| Faster than S wave
87
S wave
Vibrates side to side
| Slower than P wave
88
Magnitude
How much energy released from an earthquake
89
Central nervous system
Part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
90
Peripheral nervous system
Made up of sensory and motor neutrons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and detects and respond to change
91
Neurons
Nerve cell that carries electrical messages
92
Nerves
A bundle of neurons
93
Stimulus
Anything the body senses. They are detected by receptors
94
Receptors
Organs or cell that detect changes in your internal or external environment. When a receptor detects a stimulus, it sends messages to the control centre. There are 4 receptors
95
Photoreceptors
Detects light. Cones detect colour and DSL detect black and white colours
96
Mechanoreceptors
Detects mechanical forces such as pressure or vibration
97
Chemoreceptors
Detects chemicals
98
Thermoreceptors
Detects temperature
99
Control centre
Received messages from the receptors and uses it to decide what the body need to do. The control centre sends signals to parts of the body called effectors eg. Brain
100
Effectors
Receives signals from the control centre eg. Glands, muscles
101
Response
If it is cold outside, the muscle are the effectors and shivering is the response.
102
Negative feedback
When the body acts against the stimulus
103
Positive feedback
When the body amplifies the stimulus. Not useful in homeostasis but useful in childbirth and blood clotting
104
Endocrine system
Uses hormones such as adrenaline, oestrogen and testosterone. Response is slow and long lasting
105
Hypothalamus
Acts as a bridge between the endocrine system and he nervous system
106
Cell body
Main part of the neuron
107
Dendrites
Makesconnection to other cells and receives chemical messages from other neurons
108
Axon
A cell that carries electrochemical messages along the cell
109
Myelin sheath
Fat and protein that helps to speed the transmission of a electrochemical message
110
Nerve impulse
A type of electrochemical message that travel along an axon
111
Motor neurons
Carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system
112
Sensory neurons
Sends information back to the central nervous system
113
Symbiosis
Relationship between two different species that live in contact with each other
114
Mutualism
Two organisms that live closely and both benefit
| Eg. Pollination
115
Parasitism
One organism feeds off another while living on or in it
| Eg. Head lice
116
Commensalism
Two organisms live closely, one benefits and the other is not affected
Eg. Elephants and birds
117
Consumer
Eat other organism to survive
118
Inputs
What goes into the ecosystem
119
Output
What goes out of ecosystems
120
Processes
Interaction between abiotic and biotic factors
121
Producers
Produce their own food usin gsunlight
122
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O -> Top: Light Bottom: Chlorophyll 36H6O6 + 6O2
123
Aerobic Respiration
C3H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
124
Ecology
Study of living things
125
Environment
Set of living and non living factors in an area
126
Ecosystem
Living and non living factors in an area and interact with each other
127
Habitat
Where an organism lives
128
Respiration
Breathe in oxygen and cells use oxygen and glucose to create energy
129
Mitochondria
Power station for cells
130
Decomposer
Breaks down dead things
131
Detrivores
Get energy form eating waste
132
Energy passed form one trophies level to another
10%
133
Apex predators
Animal on the top of the food chain
134
Abiotic Factor
Non living thing in an ecosystem
135
Biotic Factor
Living parts of an ecosystem
136
Interspecific competition
Competition between members of different species
137
Intraspecific competition
Competition between members of the same species
138
Organism
Individual living thing
139
Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce
140
Hybrid
Offspring of two different animals
