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Neurology > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons have a neuronal cell body, dendrites to receive incoming or outgoing signals (?) and axons that receive incoming or outgoing signals (?)

A

incoming

outgoing

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2
Q

What kind of cells are neuroglia?

A

supporting cells such as schwann cells

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the myelin sheath protects and electrically
insulates the axon, preventing
charge leakage

A

TRUE

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4
Q

the nodes of ranvier are ???

A

Myelin sheath gaps between Schwann cells

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5
Q

There is a higher concentration of Na+ or K+ (?) ions on the outside of the cell compared to inside

A

Na+ ions

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6
Q

the inside of a membrane is negative or positive?

A

negative

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7
Q

Polarisation: the membrane is active or at rest? (neurons approx. -70mV)

A

at rest

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8
Q

Depolarisation: membrane potential less negative or positive?
eg: -70mV to +30mV

A

less negative

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Hyperpolarisation: membrane potential more negative than resting polarized potential (-70mV to -90mV)

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Depolarization – Inside of the membrane becomes less or more (?) negative than the resting potential

A

less

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11
Q

Repolarization – Inside of the membrane becomes negative or positive (?) toward resting potential

A

negative

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12
Q

Leakage (non-gated) ion channel are always ???

A

open

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13
Q

chemically gated channels are open in response to binding a ??? chemical to the receptor

A

neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Voltage gated ion channels are opened in response to changes in ??? potential

A

membrane

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15
Q

during repolarising phase, signal reaches peak, Na+ channels close and K+ channels open:
K+ flows out of cell = More -ve near inside or outside (?) of cell membrane

A

Inside of cell

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15
Q

Mechanically gated ion channels—open and close in response to ??? of receptors

A

physical
deformation

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15
Q

The CNS determines stimulus intensity by the ??? of impulses

A

frequency

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16
Q

during the depolarising phase, Na+ channels open: Na+ flows down concentration gradient into cell = More +ve near inside or outside (?) of cell membrane
= Membrane potential becomes positive

A

inside of cell

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16
Q

what is the time from the opening of the Na+ channels until the resetting of the Na+ channels called?

A

absolute refractory period

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: During hyperpolarisation some K+ channels remain open, allowing excessive K+ efflux. to get back to resting conditions, K+ close, some Na+ channels open

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Relative refractory period refers to when most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state, some K+ channels are still open and Repolarisation or hyperpolarisation (?) is occurring

A

Repolarisation

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19
Q

Presynaptic neuron— conducts impulses toward or away (?) from the synapse

A

towards

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20
Q

Postsynaptic neuron—transmits impulses away from or towards (?) the synapse

A

away from

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21
Q

the Synaptic Cleft is a fluid-filled space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons that prevents ??? from directly passing from one neuron to the next

A

nerve impulses

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21
Q

Action Potential arrives at axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron,
opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ influx promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane and ??? occurs into synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to receptors (often chemically gated ion channels) on the postsynaptic neuron. Ion channels are opened = event in the cell

A

Exocytosis of neurotransmitter

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22
Q

ridges on cerebral hemispheres are known as: gyri or sulci?

A

gyri

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23
Q

the longitudinal or transvere fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal

23
Q

the central sulcus separates the
pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the ??? lobe

A

parietal

23
Q

the cerebral cortex is the sight of the ??? which includes awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, etc

A

conscious mind

23
Q

The transverse or longitudinal cerebral fissure separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

transverse

24
Q

the types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex include:
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- ???

A

association areas

25
Q

the meninges contain ??? and forms partitions in the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

27
Q

which of the meninges layers is the strongest and made of two layers (periosteal + meningeal) of fibrous connective tissue. Also helps form sinuses

A

dura mater

28
Q

the three parts of the dura mater include:
- falx cerebri
- falx cerebelli
- ??? cerebelli

A

tentorium

29
Q

which meningeal layer is the middle layer, has web-like extensions, and is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space?

A

arachnoid mater

30
Q

the subarachnoid space or subdural space holds CSF and blood vessels?

A

Subarachnoid space

31
Q

which meningeal layer is a layer of delicate vascularised connective
tissue that clings tightly to the brain?

A

pia mater

32
Q

The ??? ventricle is located in the hindbrain (brainstem), dorsal to the pons and medulla

A

fourth ventricle

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the Third ventricle is located in the diencephalon (thalamus)

A

TRUE

34
Q

Functions of the CSF include:
– Buoyancy to the CNS organs
– Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
– Nourishes the brain and carries ???

A

chemical signals

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the volume of CSF is not constant

A

FALSE. It IS constant

35
Q

CSF is produced by the ??? of each ventricle at a constant rate. They hang off the roof of each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

36
Q

Blood Brain Barrier is composed of three layers starting from the capillary:
- Continuous endothelium of capillary walls
– Thick ??? externally surrounding capillary
– Feet of astrocytes (recall neuroglia)

A

basal lamina

36
Q

Ependymal cells use ion pumps to control the composition of the ??? and help cleanse ??? by removing wastes

A

CSF

37
Q

the BBB is ineffective against lipid-soluble or lipid-insoluble (?) substances (membranous), including alcohol, nicotine, and anaesthetics

A

lipid-soluble

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the BBB is strategically absent in some areas, eg, vomiting centre, where it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

A

TRUE

39
Q

The peripheral nerbous system includes:
12 pairs of cranial nerves
??? pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

39
Q

sensory neurons are afferent or efferent (?) with information coming in

A

afferent

40
Q

motor neurons are afferent or efferent (?) with information going out

A

efferent

41
Q

autonomic neurons are made of a 2 neuron chain:
1. Preganglionic neuron:
spinal cord -> ganglion
2. Postganglionic neuron:
ganglion -> effector or affector (?) tissue

A

effector

42
Q

TRUE or FALSE: ganglions are the synapse between two neurons in the peripheral nervous system

A

TRUE

43
Q

Preganglionic neurons are slightly or heavily myelinated? releases acetylcholine

A

slightly

44
Q

Postganglionic neurons are myelinated or unmyelinated? they release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine

A

unmyelinated

45
Q

Postganglionic neuron: effect on target organ is either inhibitory or excitatory dependant on receptor type and ???

A

neurotransmitter

46
Q

Hypothalamus: Projects to medulla
to control ??? function

A

autonomic

47
Q

Medulla Oblongata:
- Regulates: breathing, heart rate
and blood pressure
- Reflexes: coughing, swallowing
and ???

A

vomiting

48
Q

the sympathetic NS has long or short preganglionic neurons and the opposite for postganglionic neurons?

A

short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic

49
Q

Parasympathetic NS has long or short (?) preganglionic neuron and the opposite for postganglionic neuron

A

long preganglionic neuron
short postganglionic neurons

50
Q

neurons that release acetylcholine are cholinergic or adrenergic neurons?

A

cholinergic

51
Q

neurons that release epinephrine and norepinephrine are cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

adrenergic

52
Q

Adrenergic receptors: NE binds to ⍺1 receptor on arteries = vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

vasoconstriction

53
Q

adrenergic receptors: NE binds to β2 receptor on lungs = dilate or constrict bronchi?

A

dilate

54
Q

Nicotinic receptors sit on ion channels: allowing ions to flow in/out of the cell= ???
response

A

Fast, immediate

55
Q

Muscarinic receptors are positioned on target organs for ??? NS = Inhibitory OR excitatory (dependent on receptor subtype)

A

PNS

56
Q

Muscarinic receptors stimulate downstream effects inside the cell = ??? effects

A

Slower, longer lasting

Neurology (9 decks)

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