Revision

Question 1

Neurons have a neuronal cell body, dendrites to receive incoming or outgoing signals (?) and axons that receive incoming or outgoing signals (?)

Answer 1

incoming

outgoing

Question 2

What kind of cells are neuroglia?

Answer 2

supporting cells such as schwann cells

Question 3

TRUE or FALSE: the myelin sheath protects and electrically
insulates the axon, preventing
charge leakage

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

the nodes of ranvier are ???

Answer 4

Myelin sheath gaps between Schwann cells

Question 5

There is a higher concentration of Na+ or K+ (?) ions on the outside of the cell compared to inside

Answer 5

Na+ ions

Question 6

the inside of a membrane is negative or positive?

Answer 6

negative

Question 7

Polarisation: the membrane is active or at rest? (neurons approx. -70mV)

Answer 7

at rest

Question 8

Depolarisation: membrane potential less negative or positive?
eg: -70mV to +30mV

Answer 8

less negative

Question 9

TRUE or FALSE:
Hyperpolarisation: membrane potential more negative than resting polarized potential (-70mV to -90mV)

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

Depolarization – Inside of the membrane becomes less or more (?) negative than the resting potential

Answer 10

less

Question 11

Repolarization – Inside of the membrane becomes negative or positive (?) toward resting potential

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

Leakage (non-gated) ion channel are always ???

Answer 12

open

Question 13

chemically gated channels are open in response to binding a ??? chemical to the receptor

Answer 13

neurotransmitter

Question 14

Voltage gated ion channels are opened in response to changes in ??? potential

Answer 14

membrane

Question 15

during repolarising phase, signal reaches peak, Na+ channels close and K+ channels open:
K+ flows out of cell = More -ve near inside or outside (?) of cell membrane

Answer 15

Inside of cell

Question 15

Mechanically gated ion channels—open and close in response to ??? of receptors

Answer 15

physical
deformation

Question 15

The CNS determines stimulus intensity by the ??? of impulses

Answer 15

frequency

Question 16

during the depolarising phase, Na+ channels open: Na+ flows down concentration gradient into cell = More +ve near inside or outside (?) of cell membrane
= Membrane potential becomes positive

Answer 16

inside of cell

Question 16

what is the time from the opening of the Na+ channels until the resetting of the Na+ channels called?

Answer 16

absolute refractory period

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE: During hyperpolarisation some K+ channels remain open, allowing excessive K+ efflux. to get back to resting conditions, K+ close, some Na+ channels open

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Relative refractory period refers to when most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state, some K+ channels are still open and Repolarisation or hyperpolarisation (?) is occurring

Answer 18

Repolarisation

Question 19

Presynaptic neuron— conducts impulses toward or away (?) from the synapse

Answer 19

towards

Question 20

Postsynaptic neuron—transmits impulses away from or towards (?) the synapse

Answer 20

away from

Question 21

the Synaptic Cleft is a fluid-filled space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons that prevents ??? from directly passing from one neuron to the next

Answer 21

nerve impulses

Question 21

Action Potential arrives at axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ influx promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane and ??? occurs into synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to receptors (often chemically gated ion channels) on the postsynaptic neuron. Ion channels are opened = event in the cell

Answer 21

Exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Question 22

ridges on cerebral hemispheres are known as: gyri or sulci?

Answer 22

gyri

Question 23

the longitudinal or transvere fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 23

Longitudinal

Question 23

the central sulcus separates the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the ??? lobe

Answer 23

parietal

Question 23

the cerebral cortex is the sight of the ??? which includes awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, etc

Answer 23

conscious mind

Question 23

The transverse or longitudinal cerebral fissure separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Answer 23

transverse

Question 24

the types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex include: - motor areas - sensory areas - ???

Answer 24

association areas

Question 25

the meninges contain ??? and forms partitions in the brain

Answer 25

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 26

what are the three layers of the meninges?

Answer 26

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 27

which of the meninges layers is the strongest and made of two layers (periosteal + meningeal) of fibrous connective tissue. Also helps form sinuses

Answer 27

dura mater

Question 28

the three parts of the dura mater include: - falx cerebri - falx cerebelli - ??? cerebelli

Answer 28

tentorium

Question 29

which meningeal layer is the middle layer, has web-like extensions, and is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space?

Answer 29

arachnoid mater

Question 30

the subarachnoid space or subdural space holds CSF and blood vessels?

Answer 30

Subarachnoid space

Question 31

which meningeal layer is a layer of delicate vascularised connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain?

Answer 31

pia mater

Question 32

The ??? ventricle is located in the hindbrain (brainstem), dorsal to the pons and medulla

Answer 32

fourth ventricle

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: the Third ventricle is located in the diencephalon (thalamus)

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

Functions of the CSF include: – Buoyancy to the CNS organs – Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma – Nourishes the brain and carries ???

Answer 34

chemical signals

Question 35

TRUE or FALSE: the volume of CSF is not constant

Answer 35

FALSE. It IS constant

Question 35

CSF is produced by the ??? of each ventricle at a constant rate. They hang off the roof of each ventricle

Answer 35

choroid plexus

Question 36

Blood Brain Barrier is composed of three layers starting from the capillary: - Continuous endothelium of capillary walls – Thick ??? externally surrounding capillary – Feet of astrocytes (recall neuroglia)

Answer 36

basal lamina

Question 36

Ependymal cells use ion pumps to control the composition of the ??? and help cleanse ??? by removing wastes

Answer 36

CSF

Question 37

the BBB is ineffective against lipid-soluble or lipid-insoluble (?) substances (membranous), including alcohol, nicotine, and anaesthetics

Answer 37

lipid-soluble

Question 38

TRUE or FALSE: the BBB is strategically absent in some areas, eg, vomiting centre, where it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

The peripheral nerbous system includes: 12 pairs of cranial nerves ??? pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 39

31

Question 39

sensory neurons are afferent or efferent (?) with information coming in

Answer 39

afferent

Question 40

motor neurons are afferent or efferent (?) with information going out

Answer 40

efferent

Question 41

autonomic neurons are made of a 2 neuron chain: 1. Preganglionic neuron: spinal cord -> ganglion 2. Postganglionic neuron: ganglion -> effector or affector (?) tissue

Answer 41

effector

Question 42

TRUE or FALSE: ganglions are the synapse between two neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

Preganglionic neurons are slightly or heavily myelinated? releases acetylcholine

Answer 43

slightly

Question 44

Postganglionic neurons are myelinated or unmyelinated? they release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Answer 44

unmyelinated

Question 45

Postganglionic neuron: effect on target organ is either inhibitory or excitatory dependant on receptor type and ???

Answer 45

neurotransmitter

Question 46

Hypothalamus: Projects to medulla to control ??? function

Answer 46

autonomic

Question 47

Medulla Oblongata: - Regulates: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure - Reflexes: coughing, swallowing and ???

Answer 47

vomiting

Question 48

the sympathetic NS has long or short preganglionic neurons and the opposite for postganglionic neurons?

Answer 48

short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic

Question 49

Parasympathetic NS has long or short (?) preganglionic neuron and the opposite for postganglionic neuron

Answer 49

long preganglionic neuron short postganglionic neurons

Question 50

neurons that release acetylcholine are cholinergic or adrenergic neurons?

Answer 50

cholinergic

Question 51

neurons that release epinephrine and norepinephrine are cholinergic or adrenergic?

Answer 51

adrenergic

Question 52

Adrenergic receptors: NE binds to ⍺1 receptor on arteries = vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

Answer 52

vasoconstriction

Question 53

adrenergic receptors: NE binds to β2 receptor on lungs = dilate or constrict bronchi?

Answer 53

dilate

Question 54

Nicotinic receptors sit on ion channels: allowing ions to flow in/out of the cell= ??? response

Answer 54

Fast, immediate

Question 55

Muscarinic receptors are positioned on target organs for ??? NS = Inhibitory OR excitatory (dependent on receptor subtype)

Answer 55

PNS

Question 56

Muscarinic receptors stimulate downstream effects inside the cell = ??? effects

Answer 56

Slower, longer lasting