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Neurology > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

Morula is the solid ball fo cells formed as the zygote undergoes ???

A

cleavage

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2
Q

early or late (?) blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled caivty

A

early blastocyst

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3
Q

early or late (?) blastocyst is pre-embryo with embryonic disk, two layers of cells that become the embryo proper

A

late blastocyst

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4
Q

primary germ layers: the ectoderm gives rise to ???

A

skin and nervous tissue

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4
Q

gastrula is the embryo with ??? primary germ layers

A

3 primary germ layers

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4
Q

primary germ layers: the endoderm gives rise to ???

A

viscera

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4
Q

primary germ layers: mesoderm gives rise to ???

A

muscles and bones

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5
Q

Neurulation occurs at ??? gestational days

A

~22 days

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5
Q

Neurulation: a longitudinal band of ??? thickens to become the neural plate

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

differential division rates cause upward folding of plate to become ??? –> neural tube

A

neural fold

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6
Q

lateral border of the neural fold becomes the neural ???

A

crest

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6
Q

the neural tube later forms into the ???

A

CNS

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7
Q

dorsal ectoderm of gastrual forms ???

A

neural groove

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8
Q

if the neural tube does not close together, this causes neural tube defects. i.e. anencephaly due to failure of ANTERIOR or POSTERIOR neuropore to close?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

Anencephaly: brain is not formed, ??? may be absent, facial abnormalities, neonatal death is inevitable.

A

skull

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10
Q

failure of ANTERIOR or POSTERIOR neuropore to close = spina bifida

A

posterior

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11
Q

Spina Bifida is a condition in which malformations of the spinal cord occur, characterised by failure of one or more ??? arches to meet and fuse

A

vertebral

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12
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta or Cystica is when spinal cord + meninges are unharmed and remain within the vertebral canal. Common site = lumbosacral area, and usually associated with no disturbance of neurological or musculoskeletal functioning

A

Pina Bifida Occulta

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13
Q

SB Cystica, Meningocele or Myelomeningocele: Cystic protrusion of meninges and CSF through defective vertebral arches. Spinal cord remains in the vertebral canal. May still exhibit some abnormalities. Clinical signs vary or may be absent

A

Meningocele

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14
Q

SB Cystica, Meningocele or Myelomeningocele: Majority of SB cases. Cystic protrusion of spinal cord, meninges and CSF through defective vertebral arches. Open myelomeningocele: nerve roots and spinal cord may be exposed

A

Myelomeningocele

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15
Q

SB complications include:
- ??? ‘water on brain’
- spinal tethering
- Chiari Malformation

A

hydrocephalus

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16
Q

chiari malformation ocurs when brainstem and/or cerebellum is pushed down through opening of brain, compressing the brainstem, lower cerebellum = obstruction of ??? flow

A

CSF.
note: this is also known as tonsillar herniation

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17
Q

Syringomyelia/ Syringobulbia = fluid filled cyst (syrinx)
this is a complication of ???

A

SPina Bifida

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18
Q

Folic acid is essential for synthesis of ??? i.e. when cells divide

A

DNA/RNA

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19
Q

??? deficiency is a risk factor for neural tube defects.

A

Folic Acid

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20
Q

the ??? is a neural inducer that is made of mesodermal tissue and sits under the neural plate

A

notochord

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21
Q

the notochord arise at ~16 gestational days, and is ??? (i.e. not in adults)

A

transient

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22
Q

Notochord activates/ represses developmental (homeobox) genes (transcription factors) in the ???

A

neural plate

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23
Q

the ??? stimulates synthesis of growth fators that are produced in a gradient, causing differential growth rates of neural tissue

A

notochord

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24
Q

the ectoderm produces ??? protein which, early in development, inhibits the formation of neural tissue

A

bone morphogenetic protein

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25
Q

the notochord releases ??? and cordin which inhibit bone morphogenetic protein and induce neural tissue

A

noggin

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26
Q

the notochord releases sonic hedgehog, a growth factor which causes a dorsal ventral separation of the neural tube and induces ??? neuron formation

A

motor neuron

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27
Q

when released in a gradient from ROOF PLATE of neural tube or ECTODERM (?), bone morphogenetic protein induces dorsal sensory neuron formation

A

ROOF PLATE of neural tube

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28
Q

Sonic Hedgehog is secreted in a gradient from the ??? of the neural tube to induce motor neuron differentiation

A

roof plate

29
Q

Notochord induces the spinal cord to be separated dorso-??? separation is functional for gray matter of entire cord and brianstem.

30
Q

??? induces separation of spinal cord into alar plate dorsally: basal plate ventrally

31
Q

A nuclei is a collection of cell bodies in the ??? (as opposed to a ganglia in the PNS)

32
Q

In the brainstem we have cranial nerve NUCLEI or GANGLIA?

33
Q

Alar/basal plate is in the dorsal/ventral orientation in t lower ??? and midbrain

34
Q

Alar/basal plate is in a lateral/medial orientation in upper medulla and ???, due to fourth ventricle

35
Q

Motor cranial nerve nuclei are located ??? in the lower medulla and midbrain, but are located medially in the upper medulla and pons

36
Q

Sensory cranial nerve nuclei are located ??? in the lower medulla and midbrain but are located laterally in the upper medulla and pons.

37
Q

prosencephalon/ forebrain is more ROSTRAL or CAUDAL during development?

38
Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain is more ROSTRAL or CAUDAL during development of brain?

A

neither, it is in the middle portion

39
Q

Rhombencephalon/ hindbrain is more ROSTRAL or CAUDAL during development of brain?

40
Q

the forebrain develops into the telencephalon and ??? which then develop into cerebral hemispheres and the thalamus respectively

A

diancephalon

41
Q

the hindrabin develops into the metencephalon and ??? which develop into the pons + cerebellum and the medulla respectively

A

myelencephalon

42
Q

the caivty in the neural tube becomes the ??? system and changes shape with different growth rates

A

ventricular

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Expansion of cerebrum is not uniform

44
Q

flexures during development result in ‘tipping’ brain 90 degrees. occurs at 3 OR 5 vesicle stage?

A

3-vesicle stage

45
Q

Retinoic Acid is a Vitamin A derivative that induces hindbrain (i.e brainstem/ cerebellum) and ANTERIOR or POSTERIOR cord development

46
Q

TRUE or FALSE: very few neurons can be replaced because precursor cells tend to disappear

47
Q

There is evidence for neurogenesis in the ault brain, particularly in the subventricular zone, the hippocampus and the ???

48
Q

stem cell lines from neurodevelopment for: new stem cells, neurons, glial cells (neurons and ??? are generated first, oligodendrocytes are generated last)

A

astrocytes

49
Q

daughter cells made from stem cels migrate out of the ventricular zone into the ???

50
Q

ventricular zone: ependymal cells (stem cells for ??? and neurons, new cells migrate away)

51
Q

Marginal zone: few cell bodies, fibres of neurons in ??? extend out to marginal. Cajal-Retzuis cells are transiently located here

52
Q

Interkinetic nuclear migration 1. Cell in the ??? zone extends process upward toward pial surface

A

ventricular

53
Q

Interkinetic nuclear migration 2. Cell nucleus migrates upward toward ??? surface ‐> cell’s DNA is copied

54
Q

Interkinetic nuclear migration 3. Nucleus containing two copies of the DNA ‐‐> ??? surface.
4. Cell retracts its arm from the pial surface
5. Cell divides into two

A

ventricular

55
Q

VERTICAL or HORIZONTAL cleavage (ie symmetrical division) = precursor daughter

56
Q

VERTICAL or HORIZONTAL cleavage (ie asymmetrical division)= daughter migrates away

A

Horizontal

57
Q

Neuronal Migration: Radial glia arms provide a pathway for cell migration from ??? zone to mantle

A

ventricular zone

58
Q

Adult cerebral cortex has 6 cell layers containing different types of cells. Migration of these layers occurs in an orderly, inside-out fashion. Layer 6 migrates ???; Layer 5 migrates thru Layer 6; Layer 4 moves thru layer 6 & 5, etc.

59
Q

Neuronal migration in cerebral cortex: Fate of neuroblast depends upon environmental condition. Axons, ??? & connections don’t become established until neuroblast reaches its destination

60
Q

in neuronal migration in cerebral cortext, do the subplate cells or cortical neurons migrate first?

A

subplate, and THEN cortical

61
Q

Reelin is a glycoprotein that is released from Cajal–Retzius cells in the outer
marginal zone. It binds to receprots to guide termination of migration and organise proper neuronal ???

62
Q

Reelin gene mutations in humans produce disruptions in neuron ??? and connectivity, lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia.

63
Q

Cortical pyramidal neurons and astrocytes are found in the ??? zone of the dorsal telencephalon. Have Radial migration

A

ventricular zone

64
Q

Inhibitory interneurons and oligodendrocytes are sourced in the ventricula zone of the VENTRAL or DORSAL telencephalon. Have tangential migration

65
Q

synaptogenesis: When neurons differentiate, they not only need to form axons and dendrites, but also the axons must find their appropriate ???

66
Q

Neuroblast migrates and THEN differentiates, extending its processes i.e. neurites that will ultimately become axons and ???

67
Q

growth cone refers to the growing tip of a ???

68
Q

Growth cone is specialised to identify an appropriate path for neurite ???. Filopodium takes hold of the surface in which it is growing and pulls the advancing growth cone forward

A

elongation

69
Q

‘Integrins’ of the growth cone bind to ??? molecules on the extracellular matrix to promote forward movement of growth cone/axon

70
Q

Fasciculation: Bottom axon grows along molecular highway of ECM. Other axons piggy back, stick together via cell ??? molecules (CAMs)

A

cell adhesion molecules

71
Q

TRUE or FALSE: growth cones differ in the molecules they express on their membranes. this helps with axon guidance

72
Q

Interaction of cell surface molecules with guidance cues help determine the direction and amount of growth of the ???

A

growth cone

73
Q

axon guidance includes molecules such as chemoattractants and chemo???

A

chemorepellents

74
Q

Myelination begins at ~6 months of gestation and continues into adulthood.
Motor and ??? tracts throughout NS mature early, whereas the association tracts develop relatively late

75
Q

critical periods are time periods during development when the NS must obtain certain critical experiences such as ??? to develop properly

A

sensory, movement or emotional input

76
Q

After a critical period, connections DIMINISH or GROW in number, are less subject to change, and are stronger, more reliable, and more precise

77
Q

Amblyopia: Vision in one of the eyes is ??? because the eye and the brain are not working together properly.
* Often caused by Strabismus
= Incorrect alignment of the eyes

Neurology (9 decks)

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