Glia

Question 1

Glia are also called ??? and are specialised cells found in close association with neurons.

Answer 1

neuroglia

Question 2

TRUE or FALSE: There are ~10 times more glia than neurons.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

Glia support neuronal function. They provide neurons with ??? support and maintain appropriate microenvironment essential for neuronal function.

Answer 3

structural

Question 4

Glia are critical for neuronal signalling through roles in ???, neurotransmitter balance, potassium (K+) buffering etc

Answer 4

myelination

Question 5

??? (glia type) can be found in both white and grey matter

Answer 5

astrocytes

Question 6

what is the most abundant type of glia?

Answer 6

astrocytes

Question 7

Astrocytes play crucial roles in neurodevelopment and in maintaining the cellular environment to avoid disruptions to neuronal ???

Answer 7

signalling

Question 8

Astrocytes remove potassium from the ??? fluid to ensure appropriate concentration of K+ is maintained on the inside vs outside of cell

Answer 8

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 9

inwardly rectifying potassium channels 4.1 (Kir4.1 channels) on ??? membranes take K+ from the ECF and internalise it

Answer 9

astrocyte

Question 10

astrocytes are connected to each other by ??? junctions

Answer 10

gap junctions

Question 11

Kir4.1 (potassium channel) is enriched at astrocytic endfeet where it co-localizes with ??? cannels. These channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues and is highly expressed in astrocytes.

Answer 11

aquaporin 4

Question 12

??? channels have been implicated as a key determinant of glymphatic function. The glymphatic system is a brain-wide network of perivascular pathways along which CSF enters the brain and interstitial solutes are cleared.

Answer 12

aquaporin 4 (AQP4)

Question 13

Glymphatic exchange is driven by ??? pulsation, active primarily during sleep, contributes to the clearance of interstitial amyloid-β, tau, and other solutes such as lactate, and inflammatory cytokines.

Answer 13

arterial

Question 14

Astrocytes sit very close to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses (i.e. they are perisynaptically located) and have glutamate and GABA transporters on their membranes. They clear glutamate and GABA from the ???using these transporters and metabolise them

Answer 14

synaptic cleft

Question 15

Through a process called reactive ???, astrocytes respond to varying amounts of brain injury

Answer 15

astrogliosis

Question 16

scar-forming ??? occurs at the lesion site to isolate tissue damage. Astrocytes upregulate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), hypertrophy, proliferate, overlap their cellular processes to form a dense astrocytic border that encloses a lesion core of non-neural cells.

Answer 16

astrogliosis

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE: Endothelial cells of capillaries only form tight junctions in the presence of astrocytes

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

radial glia is a type of ??? that acts as a “highway” to help guide newborn neurons to their correct location in the cerebral cortex

Answer 18

astrocyte

Question 19

In the CNS, the myelin forming glia are oligodendrocytes. In the PNS, the myelin forming glia are ??? cells.

Answer 19

Schwann

Question 20

Oligodendrocytes are derived from the neuro-ectoderm. Schwann cells are derived from the ???

Answer 20

neural crest

Question 21

Oligodendrocytes are primarily located in WHITE or GREY matter?

Answer 21

white matter

Question 22

When nerves are injured in the PNS, SCHWANN CELLS or OLIGODENDROCYTES actively secrete molecules which promote axon growth and therefore nerve repair?

Answer 22

Schwann cells

Question 23

In the CNS in response to nerve/ axon injury, SCHWANN CELLS or OLIGODENDROCYTES release molecules that inhibit axon growth/repair.

Answer 23

oligodendrocytes

Question 24

In Multiple Sclerosis, antibodies are produced which attack and lead to the death of ??? and subsequent axonal dysfunction

Answer 24

oligodendrocytes

Question 25

Guillain Barre Syndrome: a demyelinating disease of PNS, ??? are attacked by auto-immune response. After a period of disease progression, the condition stabilises and then spontaneously improves (with proliferation of the ??? and reconstitution of myelin sheath)

Answer 25

Schwann cells

Question 26

??? are essentially the macrophages of the brain, they are considered the brains “immune cell” and provide constant surveillance of local microenvironment

Answer 26

Microglia

Question 27

??? are produced in the embryonic yolk sac and migrate into brain during development. Once in brain they have ability to proliferate

Answer 27

Microglia

Question 28

In injury, ??? migrate to site and are involved in phagocytosis to remove dead/damaged tissue. They can release neurotoxic chemicals during this process which can trigger inflammatory response in the brain = further damage.

Answer 28

microglia

Question 29

Faults with synaptic pruning by ??? during brain development can contribute to development of disorders such as schizophrenia and autism

Answer 29

Microglia

Question 30

Amoeboid or ramified (?) microglia are associated with the developing CNS

Answer 30

Amoeboid

Question 31

Ramified or reactive (?) microglia are present in abundance in the brain parenchyma- constitute ~10–20% of total population of glial cells in the adult. Have many processes which provide constant surveillance of the local micro-environment.

Answer 31

Ramified Microglia

Question 32

In response to injury or pathogen invasion, quiescent ramified microglia proliferate and transform into active ‘brain macrophages’ otherwise known as ???

Answer 32

reactive microglia

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: reactive microglia can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin 1b, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor a) which can cause secondary neuronal dysfunction/damage.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

??? are derived from the neuro-ectoderm, providing the lining of ventricles in the brain and the central canal in the spinal cord

Answer 34

ependymal cells

Question 35

which type of glia is involved with formation/production of CSF?

Answer 35

ependymal cells

Question 36

Ependymal cells synthesise proteins modulating neurogenesis and/or stem cell self-renewal, such as ???

Answer 36

noggin