meninges and Haemotomas Flashcards
the ??? mater is a thick, non-elastic layer that is composed of a meningeal and periosteal layer
dura mater
The periosteal dura of the dura mater attaches to INNEr or OUTER surface of the skull
inner
The meningeal dura of the ???attaches to arachnoid on one side and periosteal layer of the dura on other EXCEPT at dural reflections where meningeal layer pulls away from periosteal layer
dura mater
Dura mater extensions are called
- falx ??? sickle-shaped, lies between cerebral hemispheres
-falx ??? lies between cerebellar hemispheres
- tentorium cerebelli covers the cerebellum
- falx cerebri
- falx cerebelli
TRUE or FALSE: There is an extension of dura mater called the filum terminale external that attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx bone for cord stability
TRUE
Herniation syndromes occur when brain tissue and blood vessels are moved or pressed away from usual position inside the skull. Due to brain swelling/bleeding from a head injury, ???, or brain tumor.
stroke
??? is a herniation that occur in the supra-tentorial compartment when the ??? of the temporal lobe herniates into the anterior part of the opening of the tentorial notch
uncal herniation
uncus
the following symptom triad is a sign of what herniation:
- Dilated pupil
- Hemiplegia
- Coma
uncal herniation
During an ??? herniation, compression of the following occurs:
- occulomotor nerve =pupil dilation
- Cerebral peduncles = loss/weakness of movement to the opposite side of the body
- brainstem = unconsciousness
uncus
??? herniation occurs in the supra-tentorial compartment =
Downward movement of the thalamic region and brainstem through the tentorial notch.
Can lead to bilateral uncal herniation
Central
??? (subfalcine) herniation occurs in the supra-tentorial compartment.
Cingulate
what type of herniation in the supra-tentorial compartment can cause displacement of the cingulate cortex under the falx cerberi. May be associated with anterior cerebral artery occlusion as this artery runs along the cingulate cortex
Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation
Upward cerebellar herniation is a type of herniation that occurs in the ??? compartment and leads to upwards transtentorial herniation of posterior fossa contents
infratentorial
??? herniation (also called Chiari malformation) is a downward herniation of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum. Compression of the medulla =
- Respiratory arrest
- Blood pressure instability
- Death
Tonsillar
tonsillar herniation is a type of ??? compartment herniation
infratentorial
The spinal dura has how many layers?
1
what type of layer is the spinal dura, meningeal or periosteal?
meningeal
whihc meninge has a thin cell layer with arachnoid trabeculae
arachnoid
CSF produced in the choroid plexus flows in the sub-arachnoid space
which is made between the arachnoid and ???
pia mater
Subarachnoid cisterns are places where the sub??? space is enlarged due to the shape of the brain
subarachnoid
- Interpeduncular cistern
- Quadrigeminal cistern
- Cisterna magna
- Prepontine cistern
- Lamina terminalis cistern
- Lumber cistern
These are all types of what cisterns???
subarachnoid cisterns
The ??? cistern contains the cauda equina and CSF and can be accessed by a needle between L3/L4 vertebrae
lumber
TRUE or FALSE: A lumber puncture is used to collect samples of CSF or inject contrast e.g. Myelogram
True
which meninges of the brain tightly covers all external contours of the brain?
pia mater
which meninge of the brain is highly vascular, vessels lie on outer surface of this layer?
pia mater
denticulate ligaments (attach lateral cord to arachnoid/ dura and provide lateral stability) are a speciality of spinal ??? layer
pia
filium terminale (internum) attach bottom of the cord to the filum terminale (external) which then attaches to the coccyx bone providing cord stability. This is a specialisation of the spinal ??? layer
pia
An ACTUAL or POTENTIAL space is when two meningeal layers are NOT adhered to each other. Under normal circumstances there is a space between two meningeal layers which maybe filled with fat or CSF
ACTUAL
An ACTUAL or POTENTIAL space is when two layers are adhered to each other but under pathological conditions eg haemorrhage, a space (filled with blood) can be formed between the two layers
Potential
Epidural (extradural) space (around the brain) sits between the skull and dura and is an ACTUAL or POTENTIAL space?
Potential space
in the brain, the middle meningeal artery runs in this potential space, closely adhered to the inside of the skull and damage to this artery causes ??? haemotoma
epidural haemotoma
Epidural space (around the spinal cord), sits between the vertebrae and dura and is POTENTIAL or ACTUAL space?
Actual space
Subdural space sits between the dura and arachnoid and is a POTENTIAL or ACTUAL space?
Potential space
Subarachnoid space sits between arachnoid and Pia, CSF runs through here. this is an ACTUAL or POTENTIAL space?
actual space
