Revision Flashcards
What are the functions of stomach acid?
Activating protease enzymes
Denaturing proteins
Sterilising luminal contents
Immunity
What type of bilirubin is high in the blood for pre-hepatic jaundice?
UNCONJUGATED bilirubin
What type of bilirubin is high in the blood with hepatic jaundice?
UNCONJUGATED and conjugated bilirubin
What levels of bilirubin are high in post-hepatic jaundice?
Conjugated bilirubin
How will a patients urine and faeces appear in post hepatic jaundice?
Pale stools since no stercobilin making it to faeces
Dark urine since conjugated bilirubin (water soluble) in blood gets filtered by kidneys into the urine
What are some fully Retroperitoneal structures?
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Kidneys
Which structure develops in the dorsal mesentry?
Spleen
Which structure develops in the ventral mesentry?
LiVer
Has a V for Ventral
Which part of the gut has both a ventral mesentry and a dorsal mesentry?
Foregut
Rest only have dorsal mesentry
What is omphalocele?
Herniation of midgut contents into the umbilical cord that dont return back into the body
They are still covered by peritoneum so aren’t exposed to amniotic fluid so continue to develop
What is Gastroschisis?
Herniation of gut contents due to failed abdominal wall formation (paraumbilical defect)
Contents are not covered by peritoneum so are exposed to amniotic fluid so development of gut is inhibited
What part of the stomach contains the most G cells?
Pyloric antrum of stomach
What is the function of G cells?
Produce Gastrin to activate parietal cells to make gastric acid
What cells to H-Pylori stimulate the proliferation of?
What does this lead to?
G cells
Lots of Gastrin stimulating parietal cells o make lots of stomach acid
This leads to chyme being very acidic, this leads to Metaplasia of the proximal duodenum allowing colonisation of the proximal duodenum/
Get ulcers intestine
What happens if h-pylori infects the body of the stomach?
Parietal cell atrophy
What is the function of bile salts?
Emulsify fats
Form micelles
What property of bile salts allows them to form micelles?
They are amphipathic so can interact at the water-oil interface
How can consuming fibre reduce cholesterol levels?
Fibre binds to bile salts carrying them to the large colon for excretion
A component of bile salts is cholesterol
What is diverticulitis?
Infection/inflammation of the large colon diverticular
What is diverticular disease?
When constipated, lots of pressure put on the gut muscles a causing an outpouchings (diverticular)
What is fibromyalgia?
Widespread extreme pain in the body that the cause of is uncertain
Where would pain in diverticulitis present?
Left hand side of abdomen
What sort of condition may you expect with pain in the Epigastric region radiating to the back?
Acute pancreatitis
What investigations can be done to diagnose acute pancreatitis?
Elevated pancreatic enzymes like Lipase and Amylase
Where would obstruction of the biliary tree have to occur to cause acute pancreatitis?
Distal common bile duct
