Revision

Question 1

What are the functions of stomach acid?

Answer 1

Activating protease enzymes
Denaturing proteins
Sterilising luminal contents
Immunity

Question 2

What type of bilirubin is high in the blood for pre-hepatic jaundice?

Answer 2

UNCONJUGATED bilirubin

Question 3

What type of bilirubin is high in the blood with hepatic jaundice?

Answer 3

UNCONJUGATED and conjugated bilirubin

Question 4

What levels of bilirubin are high in post-hepatic jaundice?

Answer 4

Conjugated bilirubin

Question 5

How will a patients urine and faeces appear in post hepatic jaundice?

Answer 5

Pale stools since no stercobilin making it to faeces

Dark urine since conjugated bilirubin (water soluble) in blood gets filtered by kidneys into the urine

Question 6

What are some fully Retroperitoneal structures?

Answer 6

Ascending colon
Descending colon
Kidneys

Question 7

Which structure develops in the dorsal mesentry?

Answer 7

Spleen

Question 8

Which structure develops in the ventral mesentry?

Answer 8

LiVer

Has a V for Ventral

Question 9

Which part of the gut has both a ventral mesentry and a dorsal mesentry?

Answer 9

Foregut

Rest only have dorsal mesentry

Question 10

What is omphalocele?

Answer 10

Herniation of midgut contents into the umbilical cord that dont return back into the body

They are still covered by peritoneum so aren’t exposed to amniotic fluid so continue to develop

Question 11

What is Gastroschisis?

Answer 11

Herniation of gut contents due to failed abdominal wall formation (paraumbilical defect)
Contents are not covered by peritoneum so are exposed to amniotic fluid so development of gut is inhibited

Question 12

What part of the stomach contains the most G cells?

Answer 12

Pyloric antrum of stomach

Question 13

What is the function of G cells?

Answer 13

Produce Gastrin to activate parietal cells to make gastric acid

Question 14

What cells to H-Pylori stimulate the proliferation of?

What does this lead to?

Answer 14

G cells

Lots of Gastrin stimulating parietal cells o make lots of stomach acid

This leads to chyme being very acidic, this leads to Metaplasia of the proximal duodenum allowing colonisation of the proximal duodenum/

Get ulcers intestine

Question 15

What happens if h-pylori infects the body of the stomach?

Answer 15

Parietal cell atrophy

Question 16

What is the function of bile salts?

Answer 16

Emulsify fats
Form micelles

Question 17

What property of bile salts allows them to form micelles?

Answer 17

They are amphipathic so can interact at the water-oil interface

Question 18

How can consuming fibre reduce cholesterol levels?

Answer 18

Fibre binds to bile salts carrying them to the large colon for excretion

A component of bile salts is cholesterol

Question 19

What is diverticulitis?

Answer 19

Infection/inflammation of the large colon diverticular

Question 20

What is diverticular disease?

Answer 20

When constipated, lots of pressure put on the gut muscles a causing an outpouchings (diverticular)

Question 21

What is fibromyalgia?

Answer 21

Widespread extreme pain in the body that the cause of is uncertain

Question 22

Where would pain in diverticulitis present?

Answer 22

Left hand side of abdomen

Question 23

What sort of condition may you expect with pain in the Epigastric region radiating to the back?

Answer 23

Acute pancreatitis

Question 24

What investigations can be done to diagnose acute pancreatitis?

Answer 24

Elevated pancreatic enzymes like Lipase and Amylase

Question 25

Where would obstruction of the biliary tree have to occur to cause acute pancreatitis?

Answer 25

Distal common bile duct