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Psychology 3/4 > Revision 1 > Flashcards

Revision 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal waking consciousness can be defined as

A

The state of consciousness we experience when we are awake and aware of our thoughts, feelings and perceptions from internal events and the surrounding environment.

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2
Q

Any time we deviate from NWC

A

We are in an Altered state of consciousness

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3
Q

Consciousness is on a

A

Continuum from a high level of consciousness to a low level of consciousness

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4
Q

Controlled processes require

A

Selective attention. A person must actively focus attention in order to successfully complete the task.

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5
Q

Automatic processes enable us to have

A

Divided attention. If a task requires little mental effort and attention, we can often engage in other tasks at the same time.

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6
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

is a device that detects,amplifies and records electrical conductivity of the brain in the form of brainwaves

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7
Q

Electrooculargraph (EOG)

A

is a device that detects, amplifies and records electrical conductivity in the ciliary muscles.

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8
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

is a device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles.

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9
Q

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

A

measures the electrical activity on the skin. As the skin becomes more moist, its electrical conductivity increases.

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10
Q

Stage 1 NREM Sleep:

A

Alpha and Theta brainwaves
Irregular heart and breathing rate
Tense muscle tension
Normal body temperature

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11
Q

Stage 2 NREM Sleep:

A

Theta and sleep spindles
Slow and more regular breathing and heart rate
Lower muscle tension
lower body temperature

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12
Q

Stage 3 NREM sleep:

A

Theta and delta brainwaves
Slow and more regular breathing and heart rate
Lower muscle tension
lower body temperature

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13
Q

Stage 4 NREM sleep:

A

Delta brainwaves
Slow and regular breathing and heart rate
Relaxed muscle tension
lowest body temperature

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14
Q

The survival theory of sleep:

A

Organisms undertake periods of inactivity in order to enhance their chances of survival. They do this by conserving energy and protecting themselves during periods of the day when they’re most vulnerable. (small organisms)

However, reduced level of awareness means they are more vulnerable.

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15
Q

The restorative theory of sleep:

A

sleep provides a break for the body from many of the activities we undertake during the day that deplete the body’s resources. Thus it is vital for replenishing and revitalising our physiological processes so we can perform at an optimal level. (Marathon Runners)

However, brain is active during sleep.

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16
Q

Microsleep

A

is a brief, involuntary period of sleep in the midst of wakeful activity. They assist us in overcoming and preventing sleep prevention and last for 3-15 seconds.

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17
Q

REM rebound effect

A

refers to when we experience a significantly larger amount of time in REM sleep after being deprived of it.

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18
Q

The phonological loop

A

auditory working memory (storage of what we hear) that helps us understand a sentence of more than a few words by retaining the words from the beginning of a sentence to the end.

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19
Q

The visual-spatial sketchpad

A

visual short term memory (storage of what we see)

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20
Q

The central executive

A

puts together the sounds and vision of working memory and controls our attention and enables us to perform mental manipulation of data.

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21
Q

The episodic buffer

A

helps retrieve information from LTM to associate with information that is in working memory,

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22
Q

Levels of Processing:

A

Structural: Words are learnt by remembering what they look like (shallow)
Phonemic: Words are learnt by their sounds (Moderate)
Semantic: Words are encoded by their meaning (Deep)

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23
Q

Retrograde amnesia:

A

difficulty in recalling previously stored memories.

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24
Q

Anterograde amnesia:

A

inability to store and store new memories.

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25
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

A

progressively destroys neurons in the brain causing memory loss. Amyloid plagues build up of proteins on the axon terminals slow down the sleep of transmission. Neurofibrillary tangles are an abnormal build up of proteins within the neutron, associated with death of brain cells.

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26
Q

Proactive interference

A

when previously learnt material inhibits our ability to retrieve new material.

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27
Q

Retroactive interference

A

when newly learnt material inhibits our ability to retrieve previously learnt material.

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28
Q

Suppression

A

the conscious refusal to access memories that are available.

29
Q

Repression

A

is when painful memories are unconsciously pushed to an inaccessible part of the mind and the person is unaware that these memories exist.

30
Q

Positive Reinforcer -

A

A reward which strengths a response by providing a pleasant consequence (A+ for studying)

31
Q

Negative Reinfrocer -

A

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus (Mums screaming removed = studying ^)

32
Q

Positive Punishment -

A

The delivery of stimulus following an undesirable response (Son bashed for not doing hw)

33
Q

Negative Punishment/ Response Cost -

A

The removal of a stimulus following an undesirable response (son doesn’t do hw, dad takes away phone)

34
Q

Reflex actions refer

A

to an unborn, automatic and involuntary response to a stimuli, which comes directly from the NS and does not require conscious thought. (A funnel web spider spends a characteristic tubular web).

35
Q

Fixed-action patterns refer

A

to inborn, permanent and instinctive patterns of behaviour that are shown by every member of a species when they are rightly stimulated. (New-born babies sucking)

36
Q

Maturation refers

A

to behaviour that can only be displayed by an organism when it reaches the appropriate stage of its physical and genetically-progammed development. (Children learning to walk at 10-14 months old)

37
Q

Semantic Network Theory proposes

A

that the nodes of information are stored in a hierarchy according to particular concepts.
Nodes - the named units of information
Links - the lines showing the relationship between nodes (shorter the link, closer the relationship)
Hierarchal structure

38
Q

Broca’s aphasia:

A
  • Speech lacks grammar (agrammatism)
  • Speech is non-fluent
  • Speech tends to contain nouns and verbs
39
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia:

A
  • Speech makes no sense (combinations of words are nonsensical)
  • Difficulty understanding written and spoken language
40
Q

Anosognosia is a

A

sufferer who is blissfully unaware that they have a deficit

41
Q

Anosodiaphoria is a

A

sufferer who are aware they have a deficit but are not concerned.

42
Q

Sympathetic Division:

A
  • Dilates pupils
  • accelerate heart rate
  • weak stimulation of salivary glands
43
Q

Parasympathetic Divison:

A
  • Constricts pupils
  • Slows heart rate
  • Strong stimulation of salivary glands
44
Q

Hypnagogic state -

A

occurs during transition from being awake to being asleep where we may experience hallucinatory images. Hypnic jerks are common (involuntary muscle twitches).

45
Q

Changes to the brain in response to learning

A
  1. New synaptic connections and pathways forming at the synapse
  2. Existing synaptic connections and pathways becoming strengthened
  3. Growth in dendrites and dendritic spines (dendrites become bushier)
46
Q

Shaping is a procedure in which

A

a reinforcer is given for any response that gets closer and closer and eventually leads to the desired response or target behaviour.

47
Q

A token economy is a form of behaviour modification in which

A

tokens are earned for performing target behaviours and these token can be later exchanged for some reinforce that is valued by the learner.

48
Q

Process of Observational Learning

A 
Attention 
Retention 
Reproduction 
Motivation 
Reinforcement
49
Q

Ebbinghaus curve:

A
  • most forgetting occurs immediately after the information has been learnt
  • more than 50% of the material is forgotten within the first hour
  • if the learning that took place originally was over learned, then the material is likely to be retained for longer with greater accuracy
  • factors such as complexity of the material/intelligence of learner, do not seem to affect the rate of forgetting.
50
Q

Identify one similarity and two differences between daydreaming and dreaming.

A

Sim - Both are ASOC
Diff-  Dreaming occurs during sleep (usually REM); daydreaming does not.
Diff -  Daydreams are associated with minimal eye movements; dreams have more eye movements.

51
Q

REM Sleep:

A

Beta-like and Sawtooth Waves

52
Q

State one physiological effect of long-term sleep deprivation and identify one reason why it may increase the likelihood of Ernie injuring himself or someone else at work.

A

 slower reflexes – cannot operate machinery effectively

 decreased alertness – cannot respond quickly or move out of the way of danger in the factory setting

53
Q

Identify two effects of exercise on the autonomic nervous system and state how each may reduce Dean’s experience of stress.

A

Exercise reduces levels of the body‟s stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which reduces the experience of stress.
 Exercise helps to reduce muscle tension associated with elevated sympathetic nervous system reactivity.

54
Q

Explain step by step how biofeedback could reduce headaches:

A
  • Teach relaxation techniques
  • Doctor could measure Jeannies heart rate using biofeedback machines. She could see her response to stress
  • Practice techniques when stress is high to lower responses
  • Implement in day-to-day lives when stress is high
55
Q

Operate Conditioning to teach how to shake hands on command:

A

Discriminative: Presentation of Stimulus. Treasure will be presented wiht the command (stimulus), to shake.
Behaviour: Desired response, Treasure will lift her paw to shake.
Consequence: Behaviour reinforced, Treasure is rewarded with a treat for shaking on command.

56
Q

Declarative Memory:

A

Memory of personal experiences and events

57
Q

Semantic Memory:

A

Members of facts of knowledge

58
Q

Communication between neurons:

A

Between neurons is a synapse.

  1. Communication starts with the dendrites receiving information (neurotransmitter) across the synapse from another neuron/cell.
  2. The information is then passed in the form of electrical impulses through the soma.
  3. Then along the axon.
  4. Then the neurotransmitter is secreted from the terminal buttons into a synapse shared with the dendrites of another neuron.
  5. And so the signal is passed on again, etc
59
Q

Consolidation theory proposes

A

that memory is permanently stored through a process where there are physical changes to neurons. According to consolidation theory, three conditions - physical change, no disruption and time - are required for memory to be permanently stored.

60
Q

Strength and Weakness of Categorical Approach:

A

+ Contains large number of disorders with comprehensive information
+ Enhances communication amongst health professionals

  • Labelling
  • Overlooks individual differences when classifying thoughts, behaviours etc into categories
61
Q

Strength and Weakness of Dimensional Approach:

A

+ Does not label patient
+ Takes into account a wider range of a persons symptoms

  • Difficult to rate a client on 40 dimensions
  • More difficult for mental health practitioners to communicate with each other.
62
Q

Physiological Stress Reactions:

A

Headaches
Heart attack
Colds/flu

63
Q

Psychological Stress Reactions:

A

Changes to sleep (behavioural)
Aggression (emotional)
Decreased concentration (cognitive)

64
Q

Problem-focused coping involves looking at the

A

causes of the stress from a practical perspective and works out ways to deal with the problem. (Pros/cons list, information seeking, taking control)

65
Q

Emotion-focused coping involves

A

trying to reduce the negative emotional feelings associated with the stressor. (meditation, denial, talking to friends)

66
Q

GAS is the

A

boys way of adapting and dealing wiht a perceived stressor.

67
Q

Alarm (GAS)

A
  • 1st stage where the fight-or-flight response is activated to prepare the person to deal with the stressor.
    (Shock): body responds as though its injured, body temperature and blood pressure drop
    (Countrershock): body increases its resistance to the stressor with the release of adrenalin. Increases heart and respiration rate
68
Q

Resistance (GAS)

A
  • 2nd stage (adaptive stage), adrenalin and cortisol continue to circulate throughout the body. This is where signs of illness begin.
69
Q

Exhaustion (GAS)

A
  • 3rd stage, body resources are depleted and the body is prone to serious life-threatening injuries.

Psychology 3/4 (10 decks)

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