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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 > REVIEWER FOR 1ST QUARTER EXAM > Flashcards

REVIEWER FOR 1ST QUARTER EXAM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

discovered that all plants are made of cells

A

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (1838)

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cell through cell division.
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4
Q

Fertilized egg from egg cell and sperm cell

A

Zygote

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5
Q

Levels of organization

A

Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ system > Organisms

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6
Q

Inventor of the first optical microscope (1850)

A

HANS AND ZACHARIAS JANSSEN

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7
Q

the old term for microscopic organisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals

A

Animalcule

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8
Q

Discovered bacteria and he called it as “animalcules”

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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9
Q

Coined the term ‘cell’; experimented on a piece of cork

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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10
Q

discovered that all animals are made of cells

A

THEODORE SCHWANN (1839)

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11
Q

Discovered that all cells come from pre-existing cells; “omnis cellula e cellula”

A

Rudolf Virchow (1855)

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12
Q

means that ‘All cells come from cells. Every cell is born of a previous cell, which was born of a previous cell.’

A

Omnis cellula e cellula

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13
Q

Disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis which states that living organisms originated from non-living matters

A

Francesco Redi (1668)

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14
Q

Performed experiments on soup in sealed containers and proved the microorganisms that spoil the soup were AIRBORNE

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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15
Q

Renowned for discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

Organism whose cells have no definite nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

Organisms whose cells have nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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18
Q

It is separated internally into numerous little organs

A

Organelles

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19
Q

Organelles that is only in Plant Cell

A

Cell wall, Chloroplast

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20
Q

Organelles only in Animal Cell

A

Lysosome and Centriole

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21
Q

Controls passage of organic molecules and wastes into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

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22
Q

Provides structure to cell; medium in which organelles are found

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Protein synthesis takes place

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

ATP production/cellular respiration; power house of the cell

A

Mitochondria/Mitochondrion

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26
Q

Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cell

A

Vacuoles

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27
Q

Unspecified role in cell division in animal cell; organizing center of microtubules in animal cell

A

Centrioles/Centrosome

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28
Q

Digestion of macromolecules; recycling worn-out organelles

A

Lysosomes

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29
Q

Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape

A

Cell Wall

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30
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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31
Q

Modifies protein and synthesizes lipids; network pathways thru which materials flow to different parts of the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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32
Q

Modifies, transports, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

A

Golgi Apparatus

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33
Q

Present in Prokaryotes

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall (primarily in bacteria but not in Archea)
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34
Q

Keep in mind (about cells)

A
  • Cells are tightly packed
  • Continuous sheet of cells
  • Contain no blood vessels
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35
Q

Where in your body epithelial tissue is present?

A
  • Skin
  • Inside of Respiratory and Digestive System
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36
Q

More than 1 layer of cells

A

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

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37
Q

1 layer of cells

A

Simple Epithelial Tissue

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38
Q

Flat square like cells

A

Squamous

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39
Q

Cube like cells

A

Cuboidal

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40
Q

Rectangular column like cells

A

Columnar

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41
Q

Shape of cells

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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42
Q

Number of Layers of Cells

A
  1. Simple Epithelial Tissue
  2. Stratified Epithelial Tissue
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43
Q

Transports oxygen from lungs to blood (in Lungs)

A

Simple Squamous

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44
Q

Filters our blood for toxic substances (in Kidney)

A

Simple Cuboidal

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45
Q

Helps in digestion of food (organs of the digestive system)

A

Simple Columnar

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46
Q

Protection (Skin)

A

Stratified Squamous

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47
Q

Helps in Secretion of substances (Ducts/tubes of glands)

A

Stratified Cuboidal

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48
Q

Helps in smooth movement of particles

A

Ciliated Epithelium

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49
Q

Makes skin waterproof

A

Keratinized Epithelium

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50
Q

Hair-like filaments

A

Cilia

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51
Q

____ cells are never ciliated

A

Stratified epithelial cells

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52
Q

Protein

A

Keratin

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53
Q

An adult human body has

A

206 bones

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54
Q

This tissue helps to connect all the organs and parts of the body

A

Connective Tissue

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55
Q

The tissue that connects 2 bones is called?

A

LIGAMENT

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56
Q

The tissue that connects muscle to the bone is called?

A

TENDON

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57
Q

The skin is connected to our muscle with a type of a connective tissue

A

AREOLAR/LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

58
Q

Areolar/Loose Connective Tissue is also called?

A

FILLER TISSUE

59
Q

are connective type of tissue

A

BONES

60
Q

It supports and hold our internal organ together

A

BONES

61
Q

Bone cell or?

A

Osteocytes

62
Q

Bones are made of

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

63
Q

The cells here are widely spaced, and the matrix is cheese like, film and elastic

A

CARTILAGE

64
Q

another type of specialized connective tissue

A

CARTILAGE

65
Q

SHOCK ABSORBER

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

66
Q

is a type of fluid connective tissue

A

BLOOD

67
Q

Binding

A

Dense Connective Tissue: Ligament and Tendon

68
Q

Packing

A

Areolar/Loose Connective Tissue

69
Q

Supporting

A

Skeletal Connective Tissue: Bone and Cartilage
Adipose Tissue: acts as an insulator & shock absorber
Fluid Connective Tissue: helps in oxygen transport

70
Q

Facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of individual muscle cells

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

71
Q

MUSCLE = ______

A

MOVEMENT

72
Q

Special Proteins

A

Actin & Myosin

73
Q

The muscle that are attached to our skeleton is called ?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

74
Q

conjunction with the skeletal system for voluntary muscle movement

A

Skeletal Muscle

75
Q

responsible for involuntary movement such as breathing, secretion, ejaculation, birth and other reflexes

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

76
Q

works to keep the heart pumping through involuntary movements

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

77
Q

the only way through which the rest of our body is connected to our brain. It regulates and decides the necessary actions to be carried out

A

SPINAL CORD

78
Q

Long, strand-like fibers

A

NERVE FIBERS

79
Q

Messages or signals that travel to and from the brain

A

NERVE IMPULSE

80
Q

or nerves: transmit electrical impulses

A

NEURON

81
Q

NERVE CELL PARTS

A
  • DENDRITES
  • CELL BODY
  • NUCLEUS
  • AXON
  • AXON TERMINALS
82
Q

carry impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

83
Q

carry impulses toward the nerve cell body

A

Dendrite

84
Q

Which type of tissue is formed by the nerve cells/neurons?

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

85
Q

Main protects the body,
Helps regulate temperature,
Allow us to feel sensation,
Removes some wastes through sweat, and Helps make vitamin D
from sunlight.

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

86
Q

Help the body move and maintain posture. It also helps keep the body warm.

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

87
Q

Support the body,
Protect the organs,
Help with movement,
Produce blood cells.

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

88
Q

Take in oxygen and get rid of Carbon dioxide.

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

89
Q

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

A

EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
HYPODERMIS

90
Q

protecting your body from the outside world, keeping your skin hydrated, producing new skin cells and determining your skin color.

A

EPIDERMIS

91
Q

protecting your body from harm, supporting your epidermis, feeling different sensations and producing sweat and hair.

A

DERMIS

92
Q

storing energy, connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones. As you age, this decreases in size, and your skin starts to sag.

A

HYPODERMIS

93
Q

produces keratin

A

KERATINOCYTES

94
Q

responsible for the strength and flexibility of the skin; make up the hair and nails by the process of keratinization

A

KERATIN

95
Q

produces melanin

A

MELANOCYTES

96
Q

a brown or black color pigment, it provides the skin color and protects the skin from UV rays

A

MELANIN

97
Q

helps to protect skin by keeping out dangerous substances from entering your body

A

LANGERHANS CELL

98
Q

the only tissue in the body that has the ability to contract and therefore move the other parts of the body

A

MUSCLE

99
Q

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPES

A
  1. CARDIAC MUSCLE
  2. VISCERAL/SMOOTH MUSCLE
  3. SKELETAL MUSCLE
100
Q

the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human body—it is controlled consciously

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

101
Q

MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS

A
  1. EXTENSIBILITY - extend
  2. ELASTICITY - stretch and go back to original
  3. EXCITABILITY - ability to respond
  4. CONTRACTILITY - ability to combine
102
Q

act as a hard shell to protect the internal organs—such as the brain and the heart—from damage caused by external forces.

A

AXIAL SKELETON

103
Q

provide support and flexibility at the joints and anchor the muscles that move the limbs.

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

104
Q

breathing process, involves inhalation and exhalation of gases.

A

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

105
Q

involves gas exchange between the blood and the body cells

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

106
Q

involves conversion of food (oxygen and other nutrients) to energy

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

107
Q

responsible for taking whole foods
and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to
function, grow, and repair it.

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

108
Q

Digestive process

A

Ingestion > Digestion > Absorption > Elimination

109
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme

110
Q

filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product.

A

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

111
Q

these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

112
Q

consisting of the brain and spinal cord where information is evaluated and decisions made.

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

113
Q

monitor conditions inside and outside of the body and send this information to the CNS

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

114
Q

responsible for the hormones that controls the moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction.

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

115
Q

releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, and maintaining daily physiological cycles

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

116
Q

the ‘master gland’ as the hormones it produces control so many different processes in the body. It senses the body’s needs and sends signals to different organs and glands throughout the body to regulate their function and maintain an appropriate environment.

A

PITUITARY GLAND

117
Q

control calcium within the blood and therefore, how strong, and dense the bones are.

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

118
Q

It plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body.

A

THYROID GLAND

119
Q

affect metabolism, blood pressure, the immune system, sex hormones, and the body’s response to stress.

A

ADRENAL GLAND

120
Q

converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells; two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

A

PANCREAS

121
Q

responsible for producing sperm and ova, but they also secrete hormones necessary for the male and female secondary sex characteristics.

A

GONADS

122
Q

to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

123
Q

It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there

A

Spleen

124
Q

small lumps of tissues that contain white blood cells, which fight infection; they filter harmful substances like bacteria and cancer cells from your body and help fight infections.

A

Lymph nodes

125
Q

to receive immature T cells that are produced in the red bone marrow and train them into functional, mature T cells that attack only foreign cells

A

Thymus

126
Q

thin-walled vessels structured like blood vessels that carry lymph.

A

Lymphatic vessels

127
Q

a vast network of organs and blood vessels that acts both as a delivery and waste removal system for the body.

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

128
Q

responsible for providing fresh oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

A

Pulmonary System

129
Q

provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products.

A

Systemic System

130
Q

The blood circulates through the heart twice; every tissue in the body has a steady supply of oxygenated blood, and it does not get mixed with the deoxygenated blood.

A

Double Circulation

131
Q

They are responsible for the production of sperms and the male hormone testosterone.

A

Testicles

132
Q

It is a sac-like organ that hangs below the penis and behind it. It is the houses of the testicles, or testes, and maintains a temperature that is required for the production of sperm by it.

A

Scrotum

133
Q

Here the sperms get matured and pass to urethra to the muscular tube

A

Vas Deferens

134
Q

This includes three glands, namely seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland. The secretions from the three glands mix to form a fluid called semen. Semen nourishes the sperm, increases the volume and helps in lubrication.

A

Accessory glands

135
Q

cylindrical tube which serves as both reproductive organ and an excretory organ. It delivers sperms into the vagina during sexual intercourse.

A

Penis

136
Q

Production of female gamete called ovum/egg.
Providing nutrition and protecting the developing embryo

A

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

137
Q

During puberty, eggs in the ovaries start to mature. One of the ovaries releases the matured ovum in every 28 to 30 days and is called

A

OVULATION

138
Q

produce and store ovum in them. They also produce a female hormone called estrogen.

A

Ovaries

139
Q

They are the site of fertilization. They connect ovaries with the uterus.

A

Fallopian Tubes

140
Q

The site of development for the embryo.

A

Uterus

141
Q

It is the part which connects the cervix to the external female body parts. It is the route for the penis during coitus as well as a fetus during delivery.

A

Vagina

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 (7 decks)

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