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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 > CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS) > Flashcards

CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS) Flashcards

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1
Q

the series of growth and development a cell undergoes between its formation and reproduction.

A

Cell cycle

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2
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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3
Q

the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

A

DNA OR deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

A disease of uncontrolled cell growth

A

Cancer

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5
Q

a term used to describe for the plane where the chromosomes line up

A

Metaphase plate

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6
Q

a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome

A

Kinetochore

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7
Q

Its sole purpose is for the growth and repair of worn out cells in an organism.

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

leads to the production of genetically identical daughter cells from existing parent cells.

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

Produces body cells

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

is the longest part of the cell cycle. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving
into mitosis.

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Almost ___ percent of a cell’s lifespan is spent in the interphase, no division takes place, but the cell undergoes a period of growth and prepares itself for division.

A

80

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12
Q

first gap phase; the cell grows larger and organelles are copied.

A

G1 phase

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13
Q

synthesis phase; the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.

A

S phase

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14
Q

second gap phase; the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

A

G2 phase

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15
Q

In Cell Cycle, Mitosis is ___ percent; while Interphase is ___ percent

A

Mitosis is 10% and Interphase is 90%

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16
Q

The process of mitosis, or cell division, is also known as the

A

M phase

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17
Q

This is where the cell divides its previously-copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new, identical daughter cells.

A

M phase or Mitosis

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18
Q

Humans have ___ chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes

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19
Q

Strands of replicated chromosomes

A

Chromatids

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20
Q

Part of chromosome where sister chromatids are held together

A

Centromere

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21
Q

Mitosis stage of division

A

PMAT
PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

22
Q

This is where the cell begins breaking down some structures and creating others, preparing for the division of chromosomes. The duplicated chromosomes from interphase condense, meaning they
become compacted and tightly wound.

A

PROPHASE

23
Q

Chromosomes align at the _____ plate at right angles to the spindle poles, and are held there by the equal forces of the polar fibers exerting pressure on the chromosomes’ centromeres.

A

METAPHASE

24
Q

During this phase the sister chromatids are drawn to opposite poles (ends) of the elongated cell. The protein “glue” that holds them together breaks down to let them move apart. This means duplicate copies of the cell’s DNA end up on either side of the
cell and are ready to divide completely. Each sister chromatid is now its own “full” chromosome. They are now called daughter chromosomes.

A

ANAPHASE

25
Q

Each sister chromatid is now its own “full” chromosome. They are now called?

A

DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES

26
Q

the nuclear envelope, which had previously broken down to allow the microtubules to access and recruit the chromosomes to the equator or poles of the dividing cell, reforms as two new nuclear envelopes around the separated sister chromatids.

A

TELOPHASE

27
Q

In what cell does a ring of proteins called actin and myosin (the same proteins found in muscle) pinch the elongated cell into two brand new cells.

A

Animal cell

28
Q

In animal cell, ring of proteins called ____ and _____ (the same proteins found in muscle) pinch the elongated cell into two brand new cells.

A

Actin and Myosin

29
Q

A band of filaments made of a protein is responsible for the pinching, creating a crease called the cleavage furrow.

A

Actin

30
Q

the process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm cell in males and egg cell in females.

A

Meiosis

31
Q

In plant cells, a structure called the _______forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it into two daughter cells separated by a new wall.

A

Cell plate

32
Q

Produces sperm cell and egg cell

A

Meiosis

33
Q

a cell that can divide into 2 or more daughter cells

A

Parent cell

34
Q

cells that result from the division of a single parent cell

A

Daughter cell

35
Q

two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source

A

Homologous chromosome

36
Q

difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population

A

Genetic variation

37
Q

Germ cells contain a complete set of 46 chromosomes ( __maternal chromosomes and __ paternal chromosomes).

A

23 maternal chromosomes and 23 paternal chromosomes

38
Q

The overall process of meiosis produces from one single parent ?

A

four daughter cells

39
Q

Each daughter cell is ?, because it has half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

A

haploid

40
Q

From one that has 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids into two that has ?

A

two with 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids then four that has 23 chromosomes and 23 chromatids

41
Q

During this stage, the homologous chromosomes condense pair up, and exchange segments. Spindle fibers become attached to them as the nuclear membrane breaks up.

A

Prophase 1

42
Q

the swapping of genetic material that occurs between non- sister chromatids.

A

Crossing over

43
Q

At this stage, homologous chromosome pairs are aligned in the middle of the cell. The two chromosomes of each pair become joined to the spindle fibers at the opposite sides of the cell.

A

Metaphase 1

44
Q

All of the homologous chromosomes separate and begins moving toward the spindle poles

A

Anaphase 1

45
Q

During this stage, a new nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes as the DNA loosens up. The two nuclei have a single set of chromosomes, so they are haploid (n).

A

Telophase 1

46
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids are there ‘before and after interphase’ and ‘after meiosis 1 and 2’

A

before interphase
- 46 chromosomes and chromatids
after interphase
- 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
after meiosis 1
- 23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids
after meiosis 2
- 23 chromosomes and chromatids

47
Q

The chromosomes condense and the spindle fibers become attached to each sister chromatid as the nuclear membrane breaks up.

A

Prophase II

48
Q

The chromosomes which are still duplicated are aligned in the middle of the cell.

A

Metaphase II

49
Q

the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move toward the opposite sides of the cell. Each chromosome is now made up of one DNA.

A

Anaphase II

50
Q

New nuclear membrane, forms around each cluster of chromosomes as the DNA loosens. The cytoplasm often divides at this point to form four haploid (n) cells whose nuclei contain one set of chromosomes.

A

Telophase II

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 (7 decks)

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