BIOMOLECULES Flashcards
NUMEROUS SUBSTANCES THAT ARE PRODUCED BY CELLS AND LIVING ORGANISMS
BIOMOLECULES
A UNIT OF CONSTRUCTION OR COMPOSITION
BUILDING BLOCKS
A MOLECULE THAT CAN BE BONDED TO OTHER IDENTICAL MOLECULES TO FORM A POLYMER
MONOMERS
A SUBSTANCE OR MATERIAL CONSISTING OF VERY LARGE MOLECULES, OR MACROMOLECULES, COMPOSED OF
MANY REPEATING SUBUNITS
POLYMER
THE LARGE MOLECULES NECESSARY FOR LIFE THAT ARE BUILT FROM SMALLER ORGANIC MOLECULES
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN ONLY CARBON (C), HYDROGEN (H), AND OXYGEN (O).
CARBOHYDRATES
THEY CONTAIN A CHAIN OF CARBONS, AN ALDEHYDE OR A KETONE, AND HYDROXYL GROUPS.
CARBOHYDRATES
PROVIDE FUEL FOR THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENERGY FOR WORKING MUSCLES.
THEY ALSO PREVENT PROTEIN FROM BEING USED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE AND ENABLE FAT METABOLISM.
CARBOHYDRATES
STRUCTURALLY CONTAINING UP TO SIX CARBONS. IT IS THE SIMPLEST SUGAR FROM WHICH LARGER
CARBOHYDRATES ARE FORMED.
MONOSACCHARIDE
REFERRED TO AS BLOOD SUGAR; COMMERCIALLY KNOWN AS DEXTROSE
GLUCOSE
SUGAR CONTAINED IN RIPE FRUITS, THE SWEETEST SUGAR
FRUCTOSE
MILK SUGAR
GALACTOSE
CONSISTS OF TWO MOLECULES OF SUGAR
DISACCHARIDE
UNDER MONOSACCHARIDE
GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
REFERRED TO AS TABLE SUGAR (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE)
SUCROSE
(GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE)- SUGAR CONTAINED IN MILK
LACTOSE
(GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE)- FOUND IN ROOT CROPS
MALTOSE
TYPES OF DISACCHARIDE
SUCROSE, LACTOSE, MALTOSE
COMPOSED OF A SERIES OF SUGAR
POLYSACCHARIDE
ANIMAL FAT FORMED FROM STORED GLUCOSE, ESPECIALLY IN MUSCLES AND LIVER.
GLYCOGEN
A TOUGH FIBROUS MATERIAL THAT HOLDS PLANT STRUCTURES TOGETHER; FOUND IN PLANT CELL WALL.
CELLULOSE
FOUND IN THE OUTER COVERING OF ANIMALS SUCH AS INSECTS AND CRUSTACEANS
CHITIN
EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDE
GLYCOGEN, CELLULOSE, CHITIN
ARE PRESENT IN EVERY CELL OF THE HUMAN BODY AND ARE THE MAIN PART OF THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE.
LIPIDS
IT PREVENTS THE CELLS FROM BEING LEAKY BY PERFECTLY SURROUNDING THEM. INCLUDE OILS, FATS, AND SOME STEROIDS.
LIPIDS
THEY ARE A GROUP OF MOLECULES BUILT FROM FATTY ACIDS AND ARE BONDED TO A VARIETY OF OTHER COMPOUNDS.
LIPIDS
ONE OF ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS STORE ENERGY.
IF A PERSON EATS AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF FOOD, IT HELP STORE THE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF FAT MOLECULES IN THE BODY TO USE LATER.
LIPIDS
COMPOSED OF DOUBLE-BONDED FATTY ACIDS AND THEREBY DIFFICULT TO BE DIGESTED; FOUND IN ANIMAL TISSUES
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
COMPOSED OF SINGLE BONDS OF FATTY ACIDS; FOUND IN VEGETABLE OIL
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
MADE UP OF MANY BUILDING BLOCKS, KNOWN AS AMINO ACIDS.
PROTEINS
THEY HELP IN METABOLISM BY PROVIDING STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND BY ACTING AS ENZYMES, CARRIERS, OR HORMONES
PROTEINS
OUR BODY NEEDS DIETARY ______ TO SUPPLY AMINO ACIDS FOR THE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE OF OUR CELLS AND TISSUES.
PROTEIN
ON HYDROLYSIS THEY YIELD ONLY THE AMINO ACIDS AND OCCASIONAL SMALL CARBOHYDRATE COMPOUNDS. EXAMPLES: ARE ALBUMINS, GLOBULINS, GLUTELINS, ALBUMINOIDS, HISTONES, AND PROTAMINES
SIMPLE PROTEINS
THESE ARE SIMPLE PROTEINS COMBINED WITH SOME NON-PROTEIN MATERIAL IN THE BODY. EXAMPLES ARE: NUCLEOPROTEINS, GLYCOPROTEINS, PHOSPHOPROTEINS, HAEMOGLOBINS, AND LECITHOPROTEINS
CONJUGATED PROTEINS
THESE ARE PROTEINS DERIVED FROM SIMPLE OR CONJUGATED PROTEINS BY PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL MEANS. EXAMPLES ARE: DENATURED PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES
DERIVED PROTEINS
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
- SIMPLE PROTEINS
- CONJUGATED PROTEINS
- DERIVED PROTEINS
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
Structure, Enzymes, hormones, transport in blood, membrane transporters, acid-base balance, fluid balance, antibodies,
MOLECULES THAT ALLOW ORGANISMS TO TRANSFER GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
NUCLEIC ACID
HESE MACROMOLECULES STORE THE GENETIC INFORMATION THAT DETERMINES TRAITS AND MAKES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS POSSIBLE.
NUCLEIC ACID
ARE COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDE MONOMERS LINKED TOGETHER.
NUCLEIC ACID
3 PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDES
▪ A NITROGENOUS BASE
▪ A FIVE-CARBON (PENTOSE) SUGAR
▪ A PHOSPHATE GROUP
THE FUNCTIONS HAVE TO DO WITH THE STORAGE AND EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
NUCLEIC ACID
ENCODES THE INFORMATION THE CELL NEEDS TO MAKE PROTEINS.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
COMES IN DIFFERENT MOLECULAR FORMS THAT PARTICIPATE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
IS AN IMPORTANT CLASS OF MACROMOLECULES FOUND IN ALL CELLS AND VIRUSES.
NUCLEIC ACID
THE DNA SEGMENTS THAT CARRY GENETIC INFORMATION ARE CALLED
GENES
FOUR DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDE BASES OCCUR IN DNA:
ADENINE (A), CYTOSINE (C), GUANINE (G), AND THYMINE (T).
RNA DOES NOT CONTAIN THYMINE, INSTEAD, RNA’S FOURTH NUCLEOTIDE IS ?
URACIL (U)
IS A SINGLE-STRANDED MOLECULE THAT IS IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS IN LIVING ORGANISMS.
RNA
GETS ITS NAME FROM THE SUGAR GROUP IN THE MOLECULE’S BACKBONE – RIBOSE.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA GOT ITS NAME FROM THE SUGAR GROUP IN THE MOLECULE’S BACKBONE
RIBOSE
